Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is immunity?
|
A physiological process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease.
|
|
|
What is the optimal human body response?
|
cells of the immune system seek out and destroy damaged cells and foreign tissue while recognizing and preserving host cells.
|
|
|
What functions does an optimal human body response do?
|
>defends and protects the body from infection which is an invasion of the body tissue by microorganisms >removes and destroys damaged or dead vells >identifies and destroys malignant cells, thereby preventing their further development into tumors |
|
|
The Immune system is activated by which external agents?
|
>microorganisms >small lacerations >bruises >burns >surgeries >systemic disease all activate a nonspecific response to prevent or limit the entry of invaders to limit the extent of the damage and reduce the work of the immune system |
|
|
When the inflammatory response cant destroy organisms a more specific response happens call the _______?
|
Immune Response
|
|
|
What does the effectiveness of the immune response depend on?
|
the ability to recognize the difference between normal host and foreign. (Chemo can not identify between good or bad cells , kills all) |
|
|
Leukocytes
|
WBC that come from stem cells in the bone marrow- primary cell response in nonspecific and specific immune response that detect, attack, and destroy anything foreign.
|
|
|
Leukocytosis
|
increased amount of leukocytes in the blood when there is an infection
|
|
|
Leukopenia
|
decrease leukocytes and suppressed bone marrow
|
|
|
What are the three types of leukocytes?
|
>Granulocytes-60-80% of leukocytes, protect body from harmful microorganisms, live only hours to days >Monocytes-largest leukocyte and activate immune response against chronic infection like TB, viral infection(eat viruses) >Lymphocytes-from bone marrow monitor body for cancer cells |
|
|
What are the three types of granulocytes ?
|
>Neutrophils-first at invasion, last 6-10 hours >Eosinophils- found in lungs and GI tract, 30 minutes to half life of six days(parasitic worms) >Basophils- contain protein and chemicals like heparin, histamine, slow reactivity substance of anaphylaxis, leukotrienes(allergic response) |
|
|
Phagocytes
|
a WBC that ingests and destroys microorganisms and cell debris along with other particles in the blood(vaccum)
|
|
|
Macrophages -mature monocyte Dendritic cells-star shaped |
are mediators of immunity (monocyte eats infections) |
|
|
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
|
>Tcells- destroy viruses and bacteria and the cytotoxic Tcells attack malignant cells; responsible for rejection of transplanted organs an grafted tissue >Bcells and NK cells- all of their actions being closely interrelated even through they are stationed in different parts of the body |
|
|
What is the normal WBC count?
|
4,500-10,000
|
|
|
What could an elevated WBC count mean?
|
>acute infection >leukemia >sickle cell |
|
|
What could a suppressed WBC count mean?
|
>viral infection >lupus >RA |
|
|
What does the lab WBC give you?
|
the total number of leukocytes circulating
|
|
|
What is the differential count?
|
portion of the total represented by each type of leukocyte
|
|
|
Acquired immunity
|
resistance to an antigen resulting from previous exposure
|
|
|
Antigen
|
protein marker on the surface of cells that identifies the cell as self or non-self and stimulates the production of antibodies that will neutralize or destroy the unwanted cell (Isis) |
|
|
Antibodies
|
>molecules that bind with antigen and inactivate it (military) >5 classes of antibodies called immunoglobulins (used to treat hep c) |
|
|
Lymph nodes
|
small, round or bean shaped with clear protein fluid. Filters foreign products or antigens from the lymph. House and support proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages |
|
|
What happens when the first line of defense is breached in the body?
|
Sends the body into the inflammatory response -after invader is neutralized and eliminated process of healing is initiated |
|
|
When does the immune system mature?
|
In late childhood (6-8 years old) >6-8 months infants lose the immunity they had from their mothers |
|
|
Allergic reaction
|
hypersensitivity reaction-immune response that leads to tissue damage
|
|
|
What are the four types of allergic reactions?
|
>Immediate-anaphylaxis >Cytotoxic- transfusion reaction >Immune complex-autoimmune disorders >Delayed type hypersensitivity-tissue damage delayed 24-48 hrs. after exposure, contact dermatitis |
|
|
Auto immune disorders
|
lupus, RA , MS (destroy myelin sheath),scleroderma >some of these diseases can go into remission while pregnant |
|
|
Prevention from immune issues?
|
>Prevent immune disorders themself >vaccines >stay away from things that can suppress immune |
|
|
What can you educate people about with immunity?
|
>Vaccines >nutrition >weight >stress >alcohol >drugs >cigarettes >unprotected sex |
|
|
Immunizations
|
introduce an antigen into the body allowing immunity against a disease to develop naturally. >active-antibody given when immunized >passive-produced in a human or animal and given to a child |
|
|
Education about vaccine reaction and severe reactions
|
>Erythema, swelling, pain, fever, fussiness, irritable >severe reaction-edema, petechiae, ulceration, 2-8 hours |
|
|
What are some contraindications with vaccines?
|
>high fever >pregnancy >immunoglobulin therapy in last 3-6 months |
|
|
Independent nursing interventions |
>nutrition >sleep >exercise >stress reduction >healthy lifestyle |
|
|
Collaboration nursing intervention
|
>Pharmacy -antibiotic -antiinflammation -immunization |
|
|
Suppressed Immune Response Risk Factors
|
>Age >health status >Enviroment >personal factors and lifestyle |
|
|
Age risk factors
|
Infants >maternal antibodies provide protection >infants own antibodies production is immature >increase risk for infection when maternal antibodies begin to die Edlerly >decrease production of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins |
|
|
Health status risk factors
|
>Non immunized individuals are at risk for certain diseases >Persons with chronic illness and cancer are more at risk for infection >Certain drugs and medical treatments cause immunosupression |
|
|
Environment risk factors
|
>unsanitary living conditions >exposure to pollutants and toxins |
|
|
Personal risk factors
|
>Genetics(primary immunodeficiency) >lifestyle factors that increase risk for infection and disease -poor nutrition -high risk sexual behavior -drug/alcohol abuse -chronic stress |
