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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an antigen? Where is it found? What is the function? |
-Molecules (usually proteins) that can generate an immune response when detected by the body -Used by the immune system to identify pathogens, abnormal body cells which have abnormal antigens on their surface such as cancerous or pathogen infected cells, toxins and cells from other individuals of the same species -They're found on the surface of cells |
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What is the effect of antigen variability on disease and disease prevention |
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What is a phagocyte? |
- Type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis
- first cells to respond to an immune system trigger inside the body |
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What are pathogens? |
-Organisms that cause disease |
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What is the response of T lymphocytes to a foreign antigen? |
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What is the role of antigen presenting cells in the cellular response |
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What is an antibody? |
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Describe the structure of an antibody. |
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What is the primary immune response? |
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What is the secondary immune response? |
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What is active immunity? |
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What is passive immunity? |
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What are the differences between active and passive immunity? |
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What is herd immunity? |
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What is the cellular response? |
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Why are antigens particularly important to our immune systems? |
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What is the difference between non specific and specific responses? |
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Give an example of a non-specific response |
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Give an example of a specific response. |
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How do lymphocytes recognise cells which are self? |
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What are the 2 main types of lymphocytes? |
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Where are B lymphocyte cells produced? |
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Where are T lymphocyte cells produced? |
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Where do B lymphocyte cells mature? |
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Where do T lymphocyte cells mature? |
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Where is cell mediated immune response? |
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What are the stages of a cell mediated immune response? |
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What do cloned T cells stimulate? |
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How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells? |
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Describe the stages of the humoral immune response. |
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What 3 organelles woudl you expect to find in large quantities in a plasma cell and why? |
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How do antibodies lead to the destruction of antigens? |
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What are the differences between the primary and secondary immune response? |
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What are monoclonal antibodies? |
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How can monoclonal antibodies be used in the treatment of cancer? |
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Give an example of where monoclonal antibodies can be used as a medical diagnostic tool. |
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What are the ethical issues associated with the use of monoclonal antibodies. |
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Give an example of passive immunity? |
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Give an example of active immunity. |
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What are vaccines? |
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What are some features that a successful vaccination programme depends on. |
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Why can't vac cinations eliminate a disease? |
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Explain why vaccinating against influenza is not always effective |
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What are the ethics of using a vaccine |
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Where are phagocytes found? |
-blood and in tissues |
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Give an example of a phagocyte. |
Macrophage |
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What is phagocytosis? |
The engulfment of pathogens |
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Desrcribe the stages of phagocytosis. |
-A phagocyte recognises the foreign antigens on a pathogen - Cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves round the pathogen, engulfing it -Pathogen is now contained in a phagocytic vacuole (a bubble) in the cytoplasm of the phagocyte - A lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole. The lysozymes break down the pathogen - The phagocyte then presents that pathogens antigens - it sticks the antigens on its surface to activate other immune system cells. |
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What are T cells? Structure? |
-type of white blood cell - receptor proteins on its surface that bind to complementary antigens presented to it by phagocytes |
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How are T-cells activated? |
-Phagocytes activate T cells by presenting complementary antigens that will bind to the receptor proteins on the T0Cell |
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How do T-cells respond to being activated by phagocytes? |
T-helper cells - release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic t cells which kill abnormal and foreign cells |
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What are B-cells? |
-Type of white blood cell -Covered with antibodies proteins that bind antigens to form an antigen antibody complex -Each B0cell has a different shaped antibody on its membrane, so different ones bind to different shaped antigens |
