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8 Cards in this Set

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HSV infects nerve cells in the face (line 1). Explain why it infects only nerve cells

Virus has antigens on its surface




Antigens comp. in shape to receptor prot.s on nerve cell surf. memb.




These comp. receptors only found on nerve cells so only bind w/ these.

Inactive virus

Virus not replicating for a period of time

Programmed Cell Death (apoptosis)

Can be advantageous when infected w/ virus, to prevent virus replicating and infecting other cells




Can occur if cell senses stress

The scientists concluded that production of this microRNA allows HSV to remain in thebody for years (lines 10–12).Explain how this microRNA allows HSV to remain in the body for years.

Binds to RNA - specific base pairing




Prevents RNA from being read by ribosomes




Prevents translation




Means prot.s which cause apoptosis cannot be produced

What is an antibody?

a globular protein




madeby plasma cells




has3 regions: variable region, hinge region, constant region




variableregion has a different shape in each antibody, contains the antigen bindingsites, these bind to complementaryantigens (on a pathogen) to form an antigen-antibody complex, destroying thepathogen




hingeregion gives the antibody flexibility- constantregion the same shape in all antibodies, binds to phagocytes to help withphagocytosis

How do Memory cells (B/T) work?

madeduring the specific immune response after a new infection by a pathogen (primary infection)




Band T memory cells remain in the blood- ifperson is reinfected by the same pathogen (secondary infection) thememory cells will recognise the pathogen and produce antibodies RAPIDLY and toa LARGE amount


thereforethe pathogen is killed before it can cause harm/effects are felt - immunity

Herd Immunity

when a large proportion of thepopulation is vaccinated, so most people will be immune; only a few willnot be immune. Therefore fewer people to catch the pathogen from.

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing?

PregnantWomen produce hCG Hormone in their Urine




TestStrip has 3 parts to it (1st: start contains antibodiescomplementary to hCG, 2nd: middle contains antibodies complementaryto hCG-Antibody complex, 3rd: end contains antibodies complementaryto hCG Antibodies)




ifwoman is pregnant,hCG in the urine binds to antibodies on 1st part forming ahCG-Antibody complex, the hCG-Antibody complex then binds to antibodies on the2nd part forming a blue line (positive result), hCG Antibodies alsobind to 3rd part as a control




If woman is not pregnant,no hCG in urine so nothing binds to hCG Antibodies in 1st part, sonothing binds to antibodies in 2nd part leaving no blue line(negative result), the hCG Antibodies still bind to 3rd part for thecontrol