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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Where does innate immunity originate?

Born with it

How does innate immunity work?

Always works the same way against any type of invading agent e.g. virus/red blood cell

What is innate immunity?

Non specific resistance

Where does acquired immunity originate?

Have to be exposed to something for the first time

Explain the process of acquired immunity

After first exposure, body mounts a specific immune response that triggers production of lymphocytes that remember that they have seen it

How else do we receive immune response cells?

Breast feeding

What is acquired immunity

Specific defences


Protect against specific pathogens

What happens once an organism gets past the innate lines of defence?

Body has to react to it more specifically

What are the 6 types of innate defence/immunity?

Physical barrier (skin)


Normal microbial flora


Phagocytosis


Immune Surveillance


Chemical defences: cytokines, the complement system


Inflammation

Describe skin

Keeps hazardous organisms and materials outside body



1. Waterproof


2. Secretions on surface that are antibacterial


3. Maintain pH of skin at neutral


4. Fairly thick


5. Have sweat glands that wash out bacteria by secretions

Describe phagocytes

Engulf pathogens and cell debris

What are the 5 types of phagocytes?

Fixed macrophage: (in tissues)


Free macrophage (in tissues)


Neutrophil: (circulate in blood, arrive first but don't survive long, puss)


Eosinophil (circulate in blood, increased in people with allergies, important in parasitic infection)


Monocyte (in blood)

Explain the 4 step process of phagocytosis

1. Recognition: that object is non self/foreign


2. Attachment: attach to surface of phagocyte


3. Ingestion: phagocyte puts its arms around it and brings it into self


Destroy: join up with vesicles that contain enzymes (enzymes break down and kill it)



Also clean up cellular debris from tissue injury


What is immune surveillance?

Destruction of abnormal cells by NK (natural killer) cells in peripheral tissues

What are abnormal cells (re immune surveillance)?

Infected with viruses of cancers

What is the process of immune surveillance ?

NK cells circulate around lymphatic system and DETECT cells that look like themselves but have something unusual/different about them e.g. cancer cells (have proteins on surface) --> then destroys them

What happens to old people re immune surveillance?

Not working so well so by time does see them too late

What are cytokines and what do they do?

Stimulate haematopoiesis


Regulaye lymphocyte growth, activation and differentiation


Chemical messengers that coordinate the defences against viral infections



Activate macrophages

What is an example of a cytokine?

Inferferons

What will a viral infected cell do?

Produce cytokines (interferons)

Where is the complement system found?

Circulatory system (blood)


What does the complement system consist of?

Circulating plasma proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens



Enhanced adherence of foreign antigen to phagocytes (opsonisation)


Damage foreign cell membranes --> lysis


Cause histamine release from mast cells --> inflammation


Attract neutrophils for phagocytosis --> inflammation

What state are the circulating proteins (re the complement system) in when circulating around?

usually inactive

What do the circulating proteins re complement system do?

When exposed to bacterial cell --> triggers massive response


bacterial cell destroyed- holes punched through it (lysed pathogen)


How does the complement system assist the specific immune system?

Because circulating proteins are helping antibodies

What is acute inflammation?

Local response to any cell death or tissue injury


e.g. trauma, infection, radiation

What are the 7 features of acute inflammation?

1. Blood flow increased (local vasodilation: arterioles & pre capillary sphincters)


2. Phagocytes activated


3. Capillary permeability increased


4. Complement activated


5. Clotting reaction walls of region


6. Regional temp increased (will increase activity of enzymes)


7. Adaptive defences activated (important in stimulating specific immune response)

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Redness


Heat


Swelling


Pain


Loss of function


What is an antigen?

Foreign substance that is capable of triggering a specific immune response

What is active immunity?

Develops in response to antigen exposure

What is passive immunity?

produced by transfer of antibodies from another source

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

Develops after exposure to antigens in environment

What is artificially induced active immunity

Develops after administration of an antigen to prevent disease

What is naturally acquired passive immunity

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

What is artificially induced passive immunity

Conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection

What is normal microbial flora?

Microbes that are present normally in various sites of the body and protect the body against infection

Where are normal microbial flora located?

Skin


Intestine


Upper respiratory tract


Genital tract

What do normal microbial flora do?

Create secretions that pathogens don't like --> help protect body against infection

What is the function of inflammation?

Localisation of foreign material


Neutralisation or destruction of foreign material


Removal of foreign material & cellular debris from tissue


Preparing the area for repair


What is temperature for fever?

>37

What temperature --> life threatening?

>42 (damage to nerves and enzymes --> failure of body system)

What are the possible benefits of fever?

Increase metabolic rate of phagocytes


Increased activity of enzymes


Reduced growth of microbes by increasing temp

What is an example of labile tissue?

Skin


Gut

Labil tissue repair...

really well

What are labile tissues always doing

Regenerating (often get abraded)

What happens if large area of labile tissue damaged? e.g. large burn

Will form scar tissue because it is too big for repairing cells from edges to repair whole thing

Will stable tissue regenerate?

if necessary e.g. liver

Can permanent tissues regenerate?

No e.g. cardiac tissue --> scar tissue

What are the 3 other factors affecting tissue regeneration

Blood supply: pimple on face vs leg


Age of person


Extent of damage

What are the non beneficial effects of acute inflammation?

Short term loss of function


Fibrous scarring off tissue --> permanent loss of function


Pain


Can cause further tissue damage --> more inflammation --> chronic inflammation

What is chronic inflammation?

Inflammation for prolonged duration

What could chronic inflammation follow?

Unresolved acute inflammation

What may chronic inflammation develop as a response to?

persistent infection e.g. Hep B, TB


Exposure to inert particulate aterial e.g. asbestos


Prolonged exposure to midly toxic substances e.g. cement dust or silicone dust


Some autoimmune diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis

What does chronic inflammation eventually result in?

Widespread fibrosis (scarring) of the lungs

What is the connection between degree of exposure and degree of fibrosis

Direct correlation

Fibrosis may progress...

in the absence of further exposure

What does acquired immune system depend on?

Activity of lymphocytes

What does acquired immune system protect against

specific pathogens

list some physical barriers

Outer layer of skin


Hair


Epithelial linings of internal passageways


Secretions that flush away materials


Sweat glands, mucus and urine


Secretions that kill or inhibit microorganisms


Enzymes


Antibodies


Stomach acid

What ways do activated macrophages respond to pathogens

Engulf pathogen and destroy it


Bind to pathogen so other cells can destroy it


Destroy pathogen by releasing toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid

What is immunological escape?

Some cancer cells avoid NK cells

How do virus infected cells present?

Present abnormal proteins on their membranes which allow NK cells to identify and destroy them

What is the resolution of acute inflammation?

Removal of foreign material and cell debris by phagocytes


Exit of phagocytes


Reabsorption of fluid


Replacement of lost tissue/ regeneration of functional tissue or replacement with scar tissue