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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antigen
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any substance that elicits an immune response. ex- virus, sliver
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Antigen specific
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recognize and act against particular antigens
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Systemic
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not confined to the initial infection site, but work throughout the body
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Memory cells
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recognize and mount an even stronger attack to the same antigen the next time
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Autoimmune diseases
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Where the immune system breaks down and attacks self-cells
ex- multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and some forms of arthritis and diabetes |
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Allergies
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where the immune response to innocuous substances is inappropriate
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Allergen
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any substance, often a protein, that induces an allergic reaction
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Main fluid systems in the body
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Blood and lymph
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Hematopoiesis
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The formation of blood or blood cells in the body.
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The types of blood cells (3)
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erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells) thrombocytes (platelets) |
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Lymph nodes
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the glandlike masses of tissue in the lymphatic vessels containing cells that become lymphocytes
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Where is the antigen usually introduced to the immune system?
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the lymph nodes
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Lymphoid system
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contains primary and secondary organs
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What are the primary organs in the lymphoid system?
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bone marrow and the thymus gland
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What are the secondary organs in the lymphoid system?
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adenoids, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches (within the intestines), and the appendix
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Surface Barriers (mucosal immunity)
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in order
skin, lungs, coughing, sneezing, tears, saliva, urine, sticky mucus (resp. and GI tract), acid of skin secretions, stomach |
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Lysozyme
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an enzyme that is destructive of bacteria and functions as an antiseptic
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Normal flora
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the microbes, mostly bacteria, that live in and on the body with no harmful effects to us
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Phagocyte
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A cell, such as a white blood cell, that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues
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Antigen presenting cells
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a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface
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Extravasation
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Emigration by squeezing through the capillary walls to the tissue. (The presence of histamines at the infection site attract the cells to their source)
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Natural killer cells
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large granular lymphocytes that attach to the glycoproteins on the surfaces of infected cells and kill them
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Neutrophils
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a phagocytic white blood cell that doesn't have a nucleus and gets its energy from stored glycogen.
(provide the major defense against pyogenic bacteria and are the first on the scene to fight infection) |
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complement system
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a major triggered enzyme plasma system that coats microbes with molecules that make them more susceptible to engulfment by phagocytes
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Dendritic cells
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a branching cell of the lymph nodes, blood, and spleen that functions as a network trapping foreign protein
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What are the four basic types of dendritic cells?
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Langerhans cells, interstitial dendritic cells, interdigitating dendritic cells, and circulating dendritic cells
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Langerhans cells
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found in the epidermis and mucous membranes; make a point of attracting antigen and efficiently presenting it to T helper cells for their activation
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The two major types of Lymphocytes
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B cells and T cells
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B cells
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produced in the stem cells of the bone marrow; they produce antibody and oversee humoral immunity
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T cells
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nonantibody-producing lymphocytes which are also produced in the bone marrow but sensitized in the thymus and constitute the basis of cell-mediated immunity
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Thymus
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a ductless, butterfly-shaped gland lying at the base of the neck, formed mostly of lymphatic tissue and aiding in the production of T cells of the immune system
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What two processes do T cells undergo in the thymus?
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The first one weeds out T cells with the correct set of receptors that can recognize the MHC molecules responsible for self-recognition.
The second one finds T cells that can recognize MHC molecules complexed with foreign peptides and are allowed to pass out of the thymus |
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Killer T cells
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release lymphotoxins, which cause cell lysis
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Helper T cells
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secrete chemicals called lymphokines that stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide, attract neutrophils, and enhance the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microbes
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Immunoglobulins
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Antibodies
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How do the antibodies inactivate antigens?
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complement fixation, neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and other more arcane methods.
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