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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type 1 sensitivity |
Allergies, Immediate ie. allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis IgE, takes 1-2 minutes |
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Type 2 Sensitivity |
Blood typing, RBCs ie. Hemolytic disease of newborn transfusion reaction |
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Type 3 sensitivity |
Antigen-antibody complex ie. DIC, serum sickness can cause kidney damage |
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Type 4 sensitivity |
Delayed reaction ie. Contact dermatitis Involves T-cells TB tests |
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1st line of defense |
Physical barriers; skin, mucous membranes Chemical barriers; sweat, sebum, stomach acid, mucous, keratin, lysozyme (affects Gram +) |
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2nd line of defense |
Inside body. cells; neutrophil, NK cells fever chemicals complement proteins |
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3rd line of defense |
cellular: cell mediated humoral: antibody mediated cells: B cells, T cells, Macrophage chemicals: complement proteins |
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steps of inflammation |
1. dilate capillaries 2. attract phagocytes and to form a blood clot 3. healing, typically with scar tissue |
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Active Immunity |
Activates T-cells and antibody production ie. getting chicken pox, vaccination |
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Passive immunity |
Antibodies passed to a person, 3rd line not activated. ie. breast feeding, through placenta, receiving antiglobulins |
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Natural immunity |
Naturally occurring, no need for medical intervention. ie. recovering from disease, breast feeding, through placenta |
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Artificial Immunity |
Requiring medical intervention to occur ie. vaccination, receiving antiglubulins |
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Pandemic |
Epidemic occurring in more than 1 continent or country
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Mortality rate
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% of population that dies from disease
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Outbreak |
cluster of cases in a brief time period
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Epidemic |
disease present in higher than expected #
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Morbidity Rate |
rate of disease in a given population
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Prevalence |
# old & new cases in given population that have disease
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Endemic |
Constantly present in a population
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Epidemiology |
Study disease distribution and frequency
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Incidence |
indicates risk of exposure for an individual. # new cases in specific time period |
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Humoral Immunity |
Extracellular pathogen, B- cells
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Cellular Immunity |
Intracellular pathogens, T-cells
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Antigen presenting cells
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Have MHC class II to present microbe "id" to helper T cells
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MHC Class I |
Self identity on cell membranes
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MHC class II |
Present on APCs to present foreign markers of pathogens
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Mutualism |
Benefits to microbe and host ie. E. coli |
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Parasitism |
Benefit to microbe, harms host ie. bacteria viruses protozoa fungi helminths |
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Commansalism
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Benefit to microbe, neither benefits or harms host. ie. on skin |
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4 steps microbes cause disease
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1. establish infection 2. breach anatomical barriers 3. avoid host defenses 4. damage to host |
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Opportunist |
does not normally cause disease, but can if circumstances are right
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Communicable |
spread host to host
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Incubation period |
Time between acquisition of disease and appearance of symptoms
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Acute |
Rapid onset, short length Problem: no chance for immune system to mobilize |
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Chronic |
Slow onset, long lasting Problem: wears out immune system over time |
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Latent |
Disease has periods of inactivity, but symptoms can reoccur
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Bactericidal |
Destroys bacteria
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Bacteriostatic |
Inhibits bacterial growth
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Disinfectant |
Agents used on inanimate objects
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Antifungal |
targets fungi
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Antivirul |
targets viruses
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Antibacterial |
targets bacteria
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Antiseptic |
Disinfects skin and living tissue
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Preservation |
impede growth in perishable items
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Sterilization |
Removal of all microbes on an object
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Sanitizer |
used on food related equipment to bring bacterial numbers to public health standards
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Vegetative cells |
Bacterial cells that are metabolizing nutrients not creating spores
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Endospores |
Bacterial cells in a resting stage for survival not reproduction
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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Quats; can be disinfectant or antiseptic ie. benzalkonium chloride |
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Heavy metals |
Copper, silver, mercury, selenium inhibits microbial growth ie. silver nitrate for burns |
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Chlorine |
Bleach may destroy endospores
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Iodine |
betadine, antiseptic
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Alchohol |
Dissolves membranes, antiseptic
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Phenols |
Surfaces and skin ie. lysol |
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Chlorhexedine |
chlorinated phenol hibiclens, surgical scrub has been used internally on medical devices |
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Oven |
dry heat used to sterilize equipment and powders at 171 degrees C. for 1 hour
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Open flame |
dry heat we use to sterilze our loops |
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autoclave |
moist heat sterilizes at higher than normal pressures. 121 degrees C for 20 mins |
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Ultraviolet light |
Decreases # microbes in air and drinking water
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Pasteurization |
Decreases # microbes in food and water increases shelf life of food |
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Freezing |
Decreases # microbes in food and water increases shelf life of food |
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5 major modes of antibacterial action
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1. inhibit cell wall synthesis 2. inhibit protein synthesis 3. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis 4. inhibit metabolic pathways. 5. disrupt cell membrane integrity. |
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Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
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Target peptidoglycan production. ie. -cillins unique to bacteria |
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Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
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Inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis ie. fluoroquinolones, rifamycin targets enzymes for transcription or replication |
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Disrupt cell membrane integrity
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Gram - Topically ie. polymyxin B, Daptomycin |
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Inhibits metabolic pathways
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(folate biosynthesis) folic acid ie. Sulfa, trimethoprim |
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Inhibits protein synthesis
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targets ribosomes ie. aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, erythromycin, chloramphenicol Adverse affects: aplastic anemia, damages bone marrow, inhibits RBC production |
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Antimicrobial action
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could kill or inhibit microbe ie. bactericidal or bacterostatic |
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Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug
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Different routes; injection or PO half life can determine dosing schedule |
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Adverse effects
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ie. allergy, aplastic anemia
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cost
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New drugs cost more, generic vs. name brand
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resistance to antimicrobials
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Microbe may not be affected due to acquired resistance
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spectrum of activity
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Narrow vs. broad spectrum Broad: effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative Narrow: Antibiotics that kill just gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria or specific to one type of bacteria. |
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Selective Toxicity
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Need greater harm to microbe vs. human host
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effects of combination
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What other drugs are being taken
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