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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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immune system |
an animal body's system of defenses against agents that cause disease
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innate immunity
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the part of the immune system that is inherited and non-specific |
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adaptive immunity
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the part of the immune system that is very specific and has a memory based on previous exposures to pathogens |
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barrier defenses
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ex: skin, mucous membranes, secretions; part of innate immunity
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humoral response
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when antibodies defend against infection in body fluids; part of adaptive immunity
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cell-mediated response
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when cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells; part of adaptive immunity |
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lysozyme
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an enzyme that lyses bacterial cell walls; found in sweat, tears, saliva
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phagocytosis
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a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are take up by a cell |
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Toll-like receptor (TLR)
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a membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens (innate immune system)
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neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
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3 types of phagocytic white blood cells involved in innate immunity |
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neutrophil
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the most abundant type of while blood cell; phyagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders leading to a short life span of a few days
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macrophage
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a phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell
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dendritic cell
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an antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly efficient in presenting antigens to helper T-cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response
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eosinophil
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a type of white blood cell that combats multicellular parasites and certain infections as part of innate immunity
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natural killer cell
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a type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate immunity
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interferon
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a protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions; some types are secreted by virus-infected cells that help nearby cells resist infection; some types are secreted by T-cells and help activated macrophages
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complement system
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a group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens |
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inflammatory response
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an innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue characterized by pain, heat, redness, and swelling; increased blood flow helps bring in more white blood cells to fight infection and aid in tissue repair; "-itis"
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histamine
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a substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses
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mast cell
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a body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions |
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cytokine
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any of a group of small proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of other cells
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leukocyte
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another name for white blood cell
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B cells, T cells, natural killer cells
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3 types of lymphocytes (white blood cells)
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B cells
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the lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response (adaptive immunity) |
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T cells
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the class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both humoral and cell immune response (adaptive immunity)
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epitope
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a small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant
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antigen
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a substance that elicits an immune response by binding to receptors of B cells, antibodies, or T cells
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antigen receptor
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the general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating adaptive immune responses; B cell and T cell receptors
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antibody
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protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin. All antibodies have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
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immunoglobulin (Ig)
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another name for antibody
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MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecule
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a host protein that functions in antigen presentation
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antigen presentation
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the process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell
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antigen presenting cell
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a cell that upon ingesting pathogens or internalizing pathogen proteins generates peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to T cells
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macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
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3 primary antigen-presenting cells
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effector cells |
A lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an adaptive immune response.
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memory cells
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One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation; when activated they mount the secondary immune response. |
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clonal selection
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The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen. |
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primary immune response |
The initial adaptive immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days. |
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secondary immune response
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The adaptive immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. Response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration. |
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humoral immune response
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The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
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cell-mediated immune response
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The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.
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helper T cell
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A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens. |
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cytotoxic T cell
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A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells. |
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plasma cell
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The antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity. Arise from antigen-stimulated B cells. |
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MHC I
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present antigen fragments on body cells and bound to by active cytotoxic T cells |
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MHC II
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present antigen fragments on phagocytic cells and bound to by helper T cells
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perforin
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a protein that creates pores in a cell; released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells |
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granzymes
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enzymes that induce apoptosis in virus-infected cells; released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells |
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neutralization
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when antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of a pathogen and block it's ability to bind to a host cell |
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opsonization |
when binding of antibodies to antigens on the surface of a pathogen promotes/marks it for phagocytosis
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agglutination
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when binding of antibodies to pathogens causes them to clump together, facilitating phagocytosis |
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precipitation
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when binding of antibodies to soluble pathogens causes them to clump together, facilitating phagocytosis |
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complement activation |
when binding of antibodies to a pathogen activates the complement system eventually causing the cell to lyse |
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allergen
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An antigen that triggers an exaggerated immune response; usually involves IgE antibodies
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active immunity
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Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. Can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization. |
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passive immunity |
Short-term immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies, as occurs in the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant.
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IgM antibodies
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class of antibodies generated by blood group antigens (A, B) immune response; do not cross the placenta |
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IgG antibodies
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class of antibodies generated by Rh factor antigen immune response; will cross the placenta; also most abundant class of antibodies |
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IgE antibodies
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antibodies class associated with allergic response |
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IgA antibodies
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antibody class produced in mucous membrane
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IgD antibodies |
antibody class found on many B cells and mysterious! |
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pyrogen
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an agent that induces fever |
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prostaglandin
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One of a group of modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as local regulators; for example, increased blood flow during the inflammatory response; production requires COX (enzyme) |
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monocytes
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a kind of white blood cell that can differentiate into a macrophage during inflammatory response |
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COX inhibition
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inhibition reduces pain and inflammation by reducing production of prostaglandins; 3 kinds of COX, COX 2 reduces blood clotting (prostacyclin) |
