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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neutrophils
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1st leukocyte to respond to tissue damage, ingest/destroy antigens, esp bacteria. >amts with bacterial infx, inflammation and necrosis
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band
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immature neutrohpil
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shift to the left
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increased bands indicate infection
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eosinphils
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neutralize histamine, increase in allergic reaction and with parasitic worms
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basophils
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secrete histamine, serotonin, and heparin during inflammation.
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Mast cells
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basophils in the tissue
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types of granulocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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types of agranulocytes
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monocytes/macrophages
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monocytes
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large phagocytic agranulocytes called marcrophages. Engulf bacteria
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B Lymphocytes
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noncirculating short lived cells responsible for humoral response. 1st responders to viral infx, some become memory cells to recognize antigens
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T lymphocytes
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responsible for cellular immunity. Interace with specific antigens on cell surface and attack invading micro-orgs. Mobilize or stop other cells in immune system
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Helper (CD4+) T cells
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recognize antigens and present to B cells or macrophages. Secrete lymphokines to stimulate B cells to make antibodies
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Suppressor T Cells
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inhibe helper T cells and B cells. keeps immune system in check
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Cytotoxic T Cells
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phagocytize target cells, make cells more vulnerable to chemical attack via production of lymphokines
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Natural killer cells
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large granular lymphocytes can directly destroy tumor cells, not antigen specific
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Humoral response
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macrophages capture antigesn and present to B cells and some helper T cells triggering an immune response.
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cell-mediated response
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macrophages present antigen to helper T cells. T cells secrete substance that stimulate growth of more T cells.
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cytotoxic T cells
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track down and kill tumor cells, viruses and other pathogens
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active immunity
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body responds to an antigen with humoral or cell-mediated response. Long-lived & follows exposure to environmental agent or vaccine.
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Passive immunity
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transfer of immunity from one person to other - woman to fetus. Most maternal antibodie are gone by 6-9 mos. of age
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immunodeficient disordersin children - causes
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can be inherited, acquired thru infx or illness, or side effect of meds
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children with abnormal thymus are
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have disrupted T cell formation and are at risk for viral and fungal infx and some CA
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HIV
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acquired cell-mediated immunodeficiency disorder causing wide spectrum of illness
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HIV transmission
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shared needles, unprotected sex, infected blood, mother to infant across placenta during pregnancy, at delivery or breastfeeding
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HIV progression infants vs adults
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progresses to AIDS faster in children, untx infants die of AIDS before 2 yrs old. High viral load contributes to progression
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viral load
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measurement of HIV in the blood
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HIV s/s in children
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failure to thrive
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HIV complications in kids
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early opportnistic infx, oral candidas, inc. bacterial infx, lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis - may have hypoxia, clubbing and parotid gland enlargement
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kids - mild HIV s/s
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nonspefic, lymphadenopthy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, dermatitis, URI's
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kids - mod HIV s/s
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signs important if they persist or recur, esp anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, fever X 1 mon, herpes simples, oral candidas in kids older then 6 mo
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HIV diagnostics - kids
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ID HIV + preg women
ELISA not accurate in children less then 18 mos r/t maternal antibodies viral diagnostic tests can ID HIV by 1 - 6 mos |
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diagnostic testing for HIV-exposed kids
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before 48 hours old
positive result is confirmed by 2nd sample retest at 1-2 mos then 3-6 mos |
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Mgm't of HIV babies
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IV ZDV to mother in labor
po ZDV for baby 6-12 hr after birth PCP, pneumocysist carinii pneumonia prophylatic tx |
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antiretroviral therapy goal
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maxilmally supress viral replication aeb undetectable load
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Mgm't of HIV kids
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antiretrovirals, aggressive tx of infx, proper immunization, nutritional support, sex ed
MED ADHERENCE |
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Type I allergic reaction Immediate, anaphylactic, hypersensitive
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IgE attaches to mast cels and basophils, causes cells to burst
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Type II allergic reaction
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
allergen stimulated IgE or IgM to react and mobilize complement to destroy the allergen
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Type III allergic reaction
Arthus hypersensitivity, immune complex |
immune comples is formed and can destroy tissues
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Type IV allergic response
Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity |
an allergen reacts with T lymphocytes and these lead other cells to produce damage
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