Immigration #2

Front 1

What effect did the US Civil War have on the Mexican/US border?

Back 1

 After the US Civil War- the solidification of the border still continued when it prevented both US and Mexican authorities from pursuing Indians, criminals, deserters from fleeing in both directions.

Front 2

What effect did the prohibition have on the Mexican/US border?

Back 2

 The advent of prohibition made the border a “sinful” place to get bootleg and illegal things

Front 3

How many officers were in the original US border patrol, and what were their duties?

Back 3

 The border patrol originally consisted of 450 officers, who were expected to guard all of the Mexican border as well as Canada

Front 4

What effect did railroads have on Mexican Immigration?

Back 4

 Railroads were crucial to the development and settlement of Mexico’s northern frontier; they were likewise instrumental in enabling and promoting mass migration to the US.

Front 5

What effects did the Chinese exclusion act have on immigration?

Back 5

 The Chinese exclusion act of 1882 and the 1907 Gentlemen’s agreement with Japan brought Asian Immigration to an abrupt halt, creating shortages in key sectors of the western economy, particularly railroads, mining, agriculture and construction.

Front 6

What are the el enganche coersions?

Back 6

 The coercive policies they employed became known as “el enganche” which translates to “the hook”

Front 7

Why were the enganche coersions put into effect?

Back 7

 Desperate for workers, US employers turned to private labor contractors, who employed a variety of coercive measures to recruit Mexican laborers and deliver them to jobs north of the border.

Front 8

Who are the enganchedores?

Back 8

 Enganchadores- were the people who employed the enganche tricks to get Mexican immigrants to come to the US and work for little money.

Front 9

What was the problem with the enganche coersions?

Back 9

 The problems with the enganche plans were that when the recruits got to the US, they discovered that the wages were lower than promised, working conditions were worse than expected, and interest rates were higher than anticipated. Since they were required to work until their debts were paid they were considered “hooked”.

Front 10

When congress sought to restrict immigration in 1917 by imposing a head tax, what happpened to Mexican immigrants?

Back 10

 When congress sought to restrict immigration in 1917 by imposing a head tax and literacy test on all new arrivals, the attorney general immediately exempted Mexicans from these previsions.

Front 11

What changed about the immigration policy once we started WWI?

Back 11

 Once the US entered WWI the government assumed a direct role in labor recruitment by creating its own worker recruitment program

Front 12

What was the immigration policy like after WWI ended?

Back 12

 When the war ended so did the labor program, but the US continued to pursue a lax immigration policy toward Mexico throughout the boom years of the 1920s.

Front 13

What was the main difference in immigration policy in the 1940s between Mexican immigrants an European Immigrants?

Back 13

 Caps were put on European immigration as to how many people could come over, but these limitations were never applied to Mexico.

Front 14

What happened to local handcrafted goods after the railroads were made in Mexico?

Back 14

 Handcrafter products for local consumption were undercut by cheap, industrially produced products imported by rail from manufacturing cities in Mexico and the US.

Front 15

What were the motivations of the earliest mexican immigrants?

Back 15

 The motivations of the earliest Mexican migrants were generally not to relocate permanently north of the border, but to move northward temporarily to solve economic problems their families faced at home.

Front 16

What is a legal immigrant?

Back 16

 The term “legal immigrants” refers to Mexicans admitted for permanent residence

Front 17

What is a contract laborer?

Back 17

 “Contract laborers” are those admitted for temporary wage labor.

Front 18

At the time of extreme nativism in the 1920s, how did Americans feel about immigrants?

Back 18

 The 1920s were a period of intense nativism in the US and immigrants came to be viewed as a threat to American well being.

Front 19

What year did the US border patrol enforce its first deportation campaign?

Back 19

1924

Front 20

What effect did the great depression have on peoples opinions toward immigrants?

Back 20

 The Great Depression in the 1930s hardened the attitudes of most Americans. With the frequency of joblessness Mexican immigrants were often blamed for “taking away jobs from Americans” and “living off of public relief”

Front 21

What were the years of the Bracero era?

Back 21

1942-1964

Front 22

What was the Mexican Economic Miracle and what was its effect on immigration?

Back 22

 The “Mexican Economic Miracle” occurred when, President Cardenas gave millions of peasants access to land, however they did not have the money for the upkeep, so they turned to the Bracero project.

Front 23

How did undocumented workers begin to be hired in the US?

Back 23

 In the late 1940s people began to take the Bracero project into their own hands and hire undocumented workers.

Front 24

What led to the passing of public law 78?

Back 24

Public Law 78 which gave the Bracero program permanent status-which unfortunately allowed more undocumented workers to be employed.

Front 25

In 1954 there was a conflict among all citizens of the US? What was it, and what was done about it?

Back 25

 In 1954 the US was divided among citizens who wanted the border controlled, and an extreme need for Mexican workers. In response to these issues, INS took the lead in organizing a mass roundup of undocumented migrants-making this the most people ever deported in US history.

Front 26

What effect did the civil rights movement have on immigration?

Back 26

 During the civil rights movement it was seen to be racist and intolerable to block entry of Asians, Africans, southern Europeans, and Eastern Europeans, so it was reformed.

Front 27

What did the amendments to the immigration policy, in 1965 do?

Back 27

 In 1965 amendments were created to make a quota of 20,000 visas per country per year, on the basis of US family ties, or occupational needs.

Front 28

What is the preference system and why was it created? Who got first preference?

Back 28

 A preference system was created among different sets of people being allowed to enter, created to grant people admission into the country in an organized fashion because of limited visas, with sons and daughters of US citizens being first preference

Front 29

What did mexican immigrants gain through the Bracero program?

Back 29

 Mexicans gained financial resources as well as social capital through the Bracero system.

Front 30

What was the effect of the hemispheric cap of 1968?

Back 30

 In1968, there was a hemispheric cap of 120,000 was applied forcing Mexicans, for the first time to compete for visas. In 1977 INS was sued by Mexicans citizens because of limited visas, and as a result Mexicans got a certain number of visas set aside just for them.

Front 31

What happens to most immigrants who get caught by border patrol?

Back 31

 97 percent of all Mexican immigrants who are caught by border patrol signed a waiver agreeing to go back to Mexico voluntarily rather than go to court.

Front 32

What was the effect of the IRCA in 1986?

Back 32

 In 1986 IRCA imposed sanctions against employers who knowingly hired undocumented workers, but it ended up legalizing 2.3 millions formerly undocumented workers.

Front 33

What did NAFTA do?

Back 33

NAFTA gave Mexicans the right to export goods, but not people.