Immigrant Experience In Canada

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Edward Gibbon Wakefield

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Proposed systematic colonization (sale of land, capital) in the 1830s

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Sir James Craig

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Governor General of Canada\s and Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada in early 1800's

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Lord Durham

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Traveled to British North America to fix feud. Suggested responsible government and union of two Canada's

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Peter Robinson

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Selected 600 Irish candidates in 1823 and brought them to Upper Canada. In 1825, he brought a larger group to Upper Canada (Peterborough area)

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Lord Selkirk

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Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk was a philanthropist and assisted Highlanders to emigrate. In 1803, he brought a group of 800 Scots to PEI. He established a Red River colony in 1811

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Simon Fraser

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Financed ship crossings and acquired the nickname of Nova Scotia

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Alexander Irvine

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Wrote an inquiry into effects of emigration and said it was influenced by self-interest and greed

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Dr. William Porter

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Worked for the British Fisheries Society and said Scotland should provide new jobs to strengthen its own country rather than another

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Matthew Da Costa

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Arrived in Nova Scotia in 1606 and was the first recorded Black man in Canada

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John A Macdonald

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First Prime Minister of Canada (Conservative) and promoted migration and implemented National Policy (West, Railway, Tariffs)

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Wilfrid Laurier

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Second "great" Prime Minister. Advocated for free trade. In favour of immigration

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Clifford Sifton

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Encouraged immigration. Appointed as Minister of the Interior. Western promoter

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Robert Burdon

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Succeeded Laurier. Different vision of immigration. Selective policy through WWI, Promoted a "White Canada"

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Alexander Galt

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Part of coalition movement that secured confederation. Appointed as Inspector-General (Investigative Official) of Canada. Canada's first High Commissioner in Great Britain.

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Alexander Mackenzie

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Successor to MacDonald. Tried to populate the West but there was depression, low prices of grain, high prices to ship it

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Pierre Elliot Trudeau

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Elected in 1960's. Trudeaumania. Implemented the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Preserved national unity against Quebec's separatist movement. Bicultural and bilingualism. Official languages act in 1961

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Bryce Mackasey

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Asked the government to reconsider Sec 34 of the Immigration Act of 1967

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Robert Andras

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Appointed by Trudeau after Mackasey's resignation. Immigration Appeal Board act was passed (appeal deportation). Resulted in backlog. New regulations (3 months, employment visa). Provision to appeal abolished in 1973. Andras said immigration problem could not be fixed until it is found why there is immigration to Canada (See: Green paper)

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Green Paper

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Tabled by Robert Tait (Diplomat from Dep of External ffairs) and was a tentative government report on immigration. Special Joint Committee of the Senate and HoC examined it. Immigration to Canada to continue because of humanitarian reasons

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Brian Mulroney

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Called government in emergency session in 1987 to amend the Immigration Act after the arrival of Sikh refugees. Refugee deterrents and detention bill

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18th century immigration: Loyalists

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Loyalists came to Quebec and Nova Scotia in the 1780's and were the first large amount of American settlers/refugees

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18th and 19th century immigration: Scottish

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In 1772, Scottish Highlanders migrated to PEI. They had been evicted from homes. In 1773, 190 Highlanders sailed the Hector to Nova Scotia. Exported timber from Pictou. Relocated to Rideau Valley/Glengarry as security from the US after War of 1812

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19th Century: Irish

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Endured poverty, overpopulation, depressed market. Life was worse than in England or Scotland. British government responded with free passage and assistance up until 1826

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Immigrant Group: French Canada

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British defeated French in 1763. Quebec became a British possession. British appeased French by permitting them to continue their religious traditions. Quebec stayed neutral during American War of Independence and the War of 1812. French feared immigration and wanted to survive as a cultural community

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Immigrant Group: Black

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Slavery began in 1600's. Legal in the New World by 1670. By 1709, it was legal in New France. Large group of Blacks arrived in Nova Scotia in 1750's. In the early 1800's, fugitives entered Canada through Underground Railroad. In the earl 1900's, they were promised good farming land in the Prairies but were given poor land. Slavery was abolished in 1793 in Upper Canada and 1834 for all of the British Empire

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Immigration Group: Asian

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CPR building from 1881-1884. Cheap labour. Restrictions were placed after completion. Repatriation.

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Immigrant Group: Ethnic Minorities

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Caribbean, Central, South America. Growing number of third world immigrants

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Refugees

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Upsurge in 1980's. Refugee determination system became clogged. Singh decision (1985): Oral hearings in refugee determination process. Safe Third Country agreement (2004).

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Assisted Emigration

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War of 1812. Needed loyal and trustworthy subjects. 1840: Arranged emigration of 44,000 people but unsuccessful because no work for them. 1850: Immigration promotion program. Department of Agriculture looked for agricultural workers.

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Land Companies

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Canadian Company, British American Land Company, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company. Acquired land from British investors. Placed agents at ports and important centres.

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Multiculturalism policy

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Royal Commission on Bicultural and Bilingual Commission (1963) paved the way. Pearson initiated it. Trudeau implemented it (Official Languages 1969). "Third party" immigrants argued for other languages. Multiculturalism in 1988

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Islamiphobia

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Monotheistic religion. Quaran, Sunna, Hadith. Misconception that Arab = Muslim (Only 20%). "Flying while Muslim". MacLean's "New World Order" and Steyn's "America Alone" led to HR tribunal in 2008

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Richmond and Pinhey's Point

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After War of 1812, the government assisted discharged soldiers free land and cash loans

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Passenger Act

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Highland Society wanted to regulate ship crossings. House of Commons appointed a Select Committee on Emigration. Act was enacted and specified a minimum space requirement and forced a daily minimum food and water amount for each passenger. Caused fares to double (cost barrier)

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Quebec Act

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1774. Royal Proclamation of 1763 established legislation over New France. Conquered Quebec in 1759. Quebec Act created Quebec

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Constitutional Act

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1791. Chopped Quebec into Lower and Upper Canada. Created Ontario and Quebec

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Act of Union

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1841. Desire for Responsible and Representative Government. Exec responsible to leg. Rebellions in 1867. Royal Commission headed by Lord Durham

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Head Tax

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1880's. Policy to prevent Chinese immigration. Tax placed ($50, 100, 500) to make it impossible. Chinese Exclusion Act on 1923

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Dominion Land's Act

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1871. Rupert's Land and NWT were sold to Canada from Hudson's Bay. Prairie provinces to be settled. It granted 160 acres of free land to settlers 21 or older who paid a registration fee and were willing to live on the land for 3 years and cultivate 30 acres

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Business Class program

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Self-Employed, Entrepreneur, Investor (1986). $500,000....invest $250,000 into a provincially provided project for 3 years

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Bill C86

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1992. Refugee Act reform. Tightened enforcement. Fingerprinting, public hearings, harsher detention procedures, deportations without hearings

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Immigration Act of 1976

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This act gave more power to the provinces to set their own immigration laws and defined "prohibited classes" in much broader terms. Individuals who could become a burden on social welfare or health services would now be refused entry, rather than specific categories of people. Further, it created four new classes of immigrants who could come to Canada: refugees, families, assisted relatives, and independent immigrants. While independent immigrants had to take part in the points system, other classes did not have to take part in this test so long as they passed basic criminal, security, and health checks. The act also created alternatives to deportation for less serious criminal or medical offenses, since deportation meant the immigrant was barred from entering Canada. fter 1978, the government could issue 12-month exclusion orders and a departure notice, if the cause for a person's removal was serious

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Cullen Couture Agreement

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1978. Agreement between Ottawa and Quebec and said that immigrants to Quebec must contribute to its cultural and social development. Obtained the right to select independent class immigrant skilled workers and businessmen and dependents

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Cholera Epidemic

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1832. Killed almost 52,000 in Lower Canada. Introduced first Canadian public health legislation and regulation

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Irish Famine

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1845. Failure of the potato crop

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Black '47

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1847. Irish afflicted with Typhus and Dysentery. 33,000 succumbed to the disease

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Immigration Act of 1869

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First immigration act. Preventing diseases. Passenger regulations. Provisions included placing limits on the number of passengers on non-cargo ships, and forcing passenger lists to be made available to quarantine officers before they embarked from their port. There were few other restrictions on those who could come to Canada initially, but anyone who was blind, deaf, insane or infirm were to be now have to be recorded by the ship captain on the passenger lists. If a person was likely to become a threat to public safety, the customs officer in Canada was to collect a $300 bond.Additionally, if destitute or poor immigrants were coming to Canada, the ship captain transporting them had to pay a sum of money equivalent to their travel and initial living expenses within Canada. Businesses seeking to solicit services to immigrants had to obtain a special license from the government under the Immigration Act

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Employment Equity Act

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1996. In response to Equity Now and Equality in Employment. Claimed ethnic privilege in the workplace. Substitute for Affirmative Action. Forces federally regulated employers and companies to take proactive steps to eliminate discriminatory barriers, file an annual report, and liable to a $50,000 fine. Semantic infiltration: Appropriation of language for molding to one's own position (Reverse Racism)

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Black Robe

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Film. Set in 1634. French settlement (Quebec). Jesuit missionaries trying to convert Algonquin Indians to Christianity. Samuel de Champlain sends Father LaForgue to a Huron village. Non-Jesuit assistant Daniel and Algonquin Indians go with him (Chomina, wife, Annuka). Montagnais shaman is suspicious of LaForgue. Daniel wants to stay with Annuka. Annuka and family go to find LaForgue. Taken by Iroquois. Gauntlet. Son killed. Annuka seduces guard. Chomina sees vision. She-Manitou. Huron.