Ime 3420 - Final Exam (See Also Exam 1 & 2)

Front 1

• What is a Hazard?

Back 1

o A hazard is a potential source of harm
o Hazards most often result from instances of device or component failure
 Hazards do not depend on how the user interact with the device
 See diagram

Front 2

• What are the HF (Human Factor) considerations?

Back 2

o Use Environment
 Light, Noise
 Distraction
 Motion/Vibration
 Workload
o User
 Knowledge
 Abilities
 Expectations
 Limitations
o Device
 Operational requirements, procedures
 Device complexity
 Specific user interface characteristics

Front 3

• What is the outcome of the HF considerations?

Back 3

o Safe & effective
o Unsafe or ineffective (Use Error)

Front 4

• What is the use of a device influenced by?

Back 4

o Human Factors characteristics which are classified into 3 broad human factors areas:
 Use Environment
 User Characteristics
 Device User Interface Characteristics
o HF Causes or contributing factors (Use Environment, User characteristics, Device Characteristics) affect the Device Use which causes Hazards (Failure mode)
o See diagram

Front 5

• How are the different approaches and when are they used?

Back 5

o Analytic Approach
 The Analytic Approach is used to identify use-related hazards early in the development of the user interface and operating logic of a device
o Empirical Approach
 Use Studies can identify problems that were noticed by test participants but did not manifest themselves as errors during use
o IDEO's Approach

Front 6

• What does the Analytic Approach involve?

Back 6

o The Analytic Approach involves the description, systematic decomposition, & analysis of a device.

Front 7

• What is based on?

Back 7

o The Analytic Approach is based on the expected use of a new device & on existing information on similar devices

Front 8

• When is it particularly used?

Back 8

o The Analytic Approach is particularly used for identifying & resolving use related hazards that occur infrequently or are too dangerous to force or too difficult to simulate.

Front 9

• What are the steps taken in the Analytic Approach?

Back 9

1. Identify Risk Scenarios
 The Top down approach - Identify the hazard first then all the senios that could lead to the hazards
 The Bottom up Approach - Begins with know, likely, or suspected scenarios involving difficulty using a device prototype (or similar product) then determines resulting hazards.
2. Function & Task Analysis
 The systematic breakdown of the device-use process into discrete steps.
3. Heuristic Analysis
 Respective users formally evaluate the products user interface.
 Useful in the early identification of difficult or counter intuitive aspects
4. Expert Review

Front 10

• Gives some Analytic Approaches?

Back 10

o Operational Analysis
o Analysis of Similar Systems
o Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA)
o Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
o Critical Incident Technique
o Hazard & Operational Studies (HAZOP)
o Design Reviews
o Voice of the Customer (FM-96)

Front 11

• What does the Empirical Approach involve?

Back 11

o Device Information from actual or simulated use of device
 Allow for previously unanticipated use scenarios resulting in hazards to be identified & described, and for identified use-related hazards to be understood.

Front 12

• What are the steps taken in the Empirical Approach?

Back 12

o What-Through
 A user or small group users walk through the process of using a device. Users are questioned & provide feedback
o Usability Testing
 Usability Testing involves systematic collection of data from users using the device in reality situations.

Front 13

• What are the key techniques to simplify data collection in Discount Usability?

Back 13

o There are 3 key techniques to simplify data collection, they are:
 Thinking aloud usability tests
 Low-fidelity prototypes
 Heuristic evaluation

Front 14

• What are the best techniques used as part of iterative design process?

Back 14

o Usability problems found & fixed
o Next 'throwaway" prototype tested again

Front 15

• What are the advantages of Discount Usability?

Back 15

o The advantages of Discount Usability are:
 Faster
 Small number of participants
 Helps spot usability problems in the early design phase

Front 16

• What are the disadvantages of Discount Usability?

Back 16

o The disadvantages of Discount Usability are:
 Cannot answer the question: "How usable is this system?"
 Unable to show how the product may stack up against competitor products

Front 17

• What are the steps taken in Design Process?

Back 17

o Project Definition
 Problem Identification
1. Understand
2. Observe
3. Interpret
 Design Brief
 Problem Solving
1. Visualize/predict
2. Evaluate
3. Radical supplement
o Final Solution(s)