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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhipicephalus Ticks
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-Brown dog tick
-Kennel tick -Carries Ehrlichia canis and Babesia |
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Ehrlichia canis
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-Transmitted by rhipicephalus
-Affects german shepherds more than beagles --beagles become asymptomatic carriers --german shepherds become very sick -Pancytopenia, decreased platelets especially -Causes vasculitis, edema, PLN, uveitis, neurologic signs -Decreased albumin -Increased globulin -Possible non-regenerative hypoplastic bone marrow -Mimics multiple myeloma and RMSF |
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Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
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-Monocytic inclusion body within monocyte
-Ehrlichia canis and erhlichia chaffeensis look exactly the same |
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Similarities between Ehrlichia Canis and RMSF
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-Rickettsials
-Respond to doxycycline -Cause CBC changes that include low platelets, low white cells and low red cells -Can cause fever and edema -Cause vasculitis -Glomerulonephritis -Neurologic signs -Arthropathy -Ocular changes -Can do titers to determine presence of antibodies |
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Aspects present in Ehrlichia ONLY (not RMSF)
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-Transmitted by rhipicephalus
-Intracellular inclusion bodies in WBCs -PCR -Carrier state occurs, animals are infected and can be infectious for years --some can be cleared with antibiotics, some can't be -Pancytopenia -Can have very high globulins, mimics multiple myeloma -Gammopathy that can be monoclonal |
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Aspects present to RMSF ONLY (not Ehrlichia)
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-Transmitted via dermacentor
-In endothelial cells -No carrier state, animals do not maintain infected for long periods of time -Causes neurologic and vestibular signs commonly -Portal thrombosis and signs like pancreatitis -Can treat with baytril |
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Anaplasma platys
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-Rickettsial parasite of dog platelets
-"Infectious cyclic thrombocytopeina" -Antibodies cross-react on SNAP-4Dx with Anaplasma phagocytophiilum test -40-50% of dogs in LA are serologically positive --usually asymptomatic or mild thrombocytopenia -Rhipicephalus is probably the vector -Treat with doxycycline --usually dogs do not need to be treated -Do not use s blood donors! -Usually does not make dogs sick enough to bleed |
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Babesia
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-Transmitted by rhipicephalus
-Large and small babesia species -Greyhounds: babesia canis -Pitbulls: babesia gibsonii -Causes hemolytic anemia --regenerative anemia, lots of spherocytes and macrocytosis --will see icterus, enlarged spleen, PLN -Looks a lot like IMHA -Paired intracellular inclusion bodies in RBCs |
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Greyhounds and blood donors
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-Greyhounds are good blood donors, have high PCV
-Need to be careful not to use greyhounds that are infected with babesia canis -Need to do titers due to higher risk for babesia |
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Large babesia species
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-Babesia canis
-New babesia species |
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Small babesia species
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-Babesia gibsonii (rhipicephalus)
-Babesia conradae -Babesia microri-like -New small babesia species |
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Babesia treatment
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-Combination of doxyxyxline, clindamycin, flagyl
--doxycycline for co-infections --flagyl for giardia, should not actually help for babesia --Clindamycin will actually be the best treatment -Zithromax/atovaquone is best approach, not always available |
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Mycoplasma
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-Red blood cell parasite
-Can look like rods or chains -"Stealth pathogens" --animal can carry organism around for years and years before showing any signs |
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Hemoplasmas in dogs and cats
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-Mycoplasma found in ixodes ticks
-Mycoplasma haemofelis -Mycoplasma haemocains -Cell wall deficient -Hard to grow in culture, cannot make antigen --cannot make test to look for antigen or antibodies against antigen -ELISA for rDanK antibody titers -PCR can be used to find mycoplasma |
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Similarities between Mycoplasma and Babesia
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-RBC parasites
-Can get from fights, bites, transfusions -Cause IMHA and icterus -Coomb's positive status -Autoagglutination -Spherocytes -Regenerative anemia -Splenomegaly -Can look for organism in parasitized red cells in buffy coat layer -Ear sticks to find papillary sludge of blood -Both create carrier status in infected animals |
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Mycoplasma specific characteristics (NOT babesia)
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-Clinically important in cats
-Transmitted by fleas and ticks -Mycoplasma species -Cause extravascular hemolysis, RBCs are hemolyzed/phagocytosed by reticular endothelial system in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow -Treat with doxycycline or marbofloxacin -PCR test looks for antigen |
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Babesia specific characteristics (NOT mycoplasma)
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-More common in dogs
-Transmitted by ticks -Protozoa species -Intravascular AND extravascular hemolysis -Neurological signs, decreased platelets, PLN -Treat with anti-protozoals --large babesia: Imidocarb or zithromax --small babesia: atovaquone -Diagnose with PCR or serology |
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Blood parasites transmitted by Dermacentor
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-Ehrlichia chaffeensis
-Cytauxzoonosis Non-blood parasites: -RMSF -Tularemia -Tick paralysis |
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Cytauxzoonosis in Cats
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-Protozoan RBC parasite
-Mostly in the south, moved into PA --recently found in PA bobcats -Transmitted via dermacentor ticks -Causes IMHA -Animals usually die within a week --get SIRS, MODS, etc. -Can be treated with imidocarb or zithromax and atovaquone combination -infected cats remain carriers and should not be used as blood donors |
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Non-blood parasites borne by ticks
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-Lyme and other borrelia
-RMSF -Bartonella -Hepatozoonosis -Tularemia -Tick paralysis |
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RMSF
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-Transmitted by dermacentor andersoni
--get really big, gray/tan color --do not want to crush tick! Hemolymph in cuticles can cause contamination in people! -More RMSF on east coast than in rocky mountain area --NC is hotbed, so is PA -Rickettsial organism -Lives in endothelial cells, causes vasculitis and "spots" -Seasonal illness around tick season -No carriers, animal gets sick in a week or two of a bite and then clears infection -Can be transmitted very quickly, less than 5 hours of attachment -Can possibly cause pancytopenia, causes vasculitis, fever, pancreatitis --edema, PLN, uveitis, neurologic signs -Looks like ehrlichia |
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Bartonella
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-Transmitted by ixodes scapularis (look for anal groove)
-Lives within endothelial cells -Can sometimes find on RBCs, sticks to RBC membrane --can get positive PCR on blood -Have to do separate test, not included on SNAP-4Dx -Zoonotic! Public health concern! |
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bartonellosis
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-More than a dozen species
-B. henselae (cat scratch fever), B. visonii, B. quintana (trench fever), B. clarridgeiae, B. elizabethae, B. washoensis, lots of others -Zoonotic! Public health concern! |
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Bartonellosis overview
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-Very fastidious, slow-growing species
-Gram- bacteria -Intracellular, can live in many different types of cells --mostly in endothelial cells and sometimes on circulating RBCs -Transmitted by fleas, ticks, lice, bites, scratches -Has been found in Ixodes ticks --probably transmitted after short attachment, 5 hour attachment (anaplasma and bartonella both) -Co-infections can occur, anaplasma+ animals are often also bartonella+ -Found in CSF taps of people -Can be infected via blood transfusion -8% f healthy dogs are infected, 20% of sick dogs are infected |
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Signs of Bartonella
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-Lymphadenopathy
-Coombs+ anemia -Anorexia -Endocarditis -Vascultis -Uveitis -hepatitis -Looks like IMPA, IMHA, IMT, or PLN --immune complex diseases! |
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Bartonella Testing and Diagnosis
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-PCR
-Culture (takes 5 weeks and special media) -Titers: do not cross-react with other types of bartonella -Western blot test --banding patterns can have cross-reactions |
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Bartonella Treatment
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-Combine 2 treatments, give for 6 weeks
-Zithromax -Quinolones -Doxycycline -Do not know which is the best antibiotic for bartonella |
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Amblyomma maculatum
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-Gulf coast tick
-Southern tick-associated rash disease -Also carries Hepatozoon americanum and rickettsiosis |
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Hepatozoon americanum
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-Transmitted by amblyomma maculatum
-Dog has to eat tick carrying the organism or eating raw wildlife with organism in muscle -Mostly an issue in AL, GA -Protozoa live in myocytes, WBCs, hepatocytes, and macrophages -Will see chronic wasting of muscle, myositis, PLN -Periosteal proliferation can be seen on radiographs --muscle is pulling on the bone in a way that causes periosteal proliferation |
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Hepatozoon americanum diagnosis
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-PCR
-Muscle biopsy to look for cysts -WBC cytology with gametocytes Treat with TMS, clindamycin, pyrimethamine and then decoquinate for 2 years --need to kill organism as it comes out of the muscle |
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Hepatozoonosis in USA
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-Worse than hepatozoonosis in Europe
-In Europe, from rhipicephalus ticks --in neutrophils, easy to find --not as pathogenic and easy to treat -In USA from amblyomma tick --in monocytes, harder to find |
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Tick Paralysis
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-Salivary neurotoxin released from many types of female feeding ticks
-Acute ascending flaccid motor ataxia and paralysis --mimics botulism or Guillain-Barre syndrome -Remove tick and the dog goes back to normal -Provide supportive care and animal will recover within hours or days |
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Leishmaniasis
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-Protozoan
-Affects foxhounds -Stealth pathogen, long-term carrier relationship -Vertical transmission? -Usually a sandfly vector, but no sand fly in USA (other vector) -Horizontal transmission through bites? -Can cause fever, enlarged lymph nodes and reticuloendothelial organs (spleen, liver), Bone marrow damage, PLN, ocular diseases, skin changes |
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Tularemia
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-Gram- bacteria Francisella tularensis
-Transmitted via ticks (Ixodes, dermacentor, amblyomma) --deer flies also -Rodents and rabbits act as reservoir -Causes fever and flu-like signs -Lymphadenopathy |
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Tularemia Treatment
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-Doxycycline
-Baytril -Chloro |
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Tick diseases causing lameness
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-Anaplasma
-Bartonella -Ehrlichia -Hepatozoonoziz (myositis) -Leishmaniasis -Lyme -Mycoplasma -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing Proteinuria or protein losing nephropathy
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-Anaplsama
-Babesia -Ehrlichia -Hepatozoonosis -Leishmaniasis -Lyme -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing Oculo-neural signs
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-Anaplasma
-bartonella -Ehrlichia -Leishmaniasis -Lyme -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing vasculitis/epistaxis
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-Anaplasma
-Ehrlichia -Leishmaniasis -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing anemia
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-Anaplasma
-Babesia -Cytauxzoon -Ehrlichia -Hepatozoonosis -Leishmaniasis -Mycoplasma -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing leukopenia
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-Anaplasma
-Cytauxzoon -Ehrlichia -Leishmaniasis -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing leukocytosis
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-Babesia
-Heaptozoonosis |
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Tick diseases causing thrombocytopenia
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-Anaplasma
-Anaplasma platys -Babesia -Cytauxzoon -Ehrlichia -Leishmania -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing hypoalbuminemia
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-Anything causing protein losing nephropathy
-Anaplasma -Babesia -Ehrlichia -Hepatozoon -Leishmaniasis -Lyme -RMSF |
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Tick diseases causing hyperglobulinemia
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-Ehrlichia
-Leishmaniasis |
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Diseases mimicked by tick diseases
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1. Immunie-mediated poly-arthropathy:
--anaplasma --ehrlichia --Lyme --RMSF --bartonella --mycoplasma 2. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: --babesia --cytauxzoon --mycoplasma 3. Multiple myeloma --ehrlichia -leishmaniasis |
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Paired titers
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-Acute and convalescent titers
-Acute: during 1st week of illness --when fast-incubation diseases cause signs, but no time for rise in antibody titer -Convalescent titer should show positive antibodies -Needed for RMSF if acute -Do not need paired titers if animal has been sick for a month or longer -Lyme, leishmaniasis, hepatozoon present in chronic phase, titer should already be increased -PCR tests should be done before starting treatment, can get false- with treatment -Antibody titers can be done anytime, regardless of treatment -Post-treatment titers may not drop for months to years |
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Leptospirosis
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-Spirochete
-Free-living, can live in environment -Shed in urine of small mammals, dogs, cattle --as long as urine is wet, spirochete is alive --as soon as urine dries, lepto is killed -Able to be killed with soap and water -Pathogenic and saprophytic species exist |
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Canine Leptospirosis
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-Free-living motile spirochete bacteria
-200 different serovars -Thin, flexible, filamentous -Has outer envelope with LPS, antigenic -Old serovars: canicola, icterohemorrhagiae -New serovars: grippotyphosa, pomona, bratislava -Vaccine is for Canicola, icterhemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, and pomona --no vaccine for bratislava serovar -Animal can get recurrent infections --bacteria does not illicit great immune response --vaccine does not protect for a full year and does not protect every dog, also has reactions |
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Leptosporosis replication in tissues
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-Kidney, liver, eyes
-CNS, spleen, genital tract -Recently has had affect on lung also -Can be single organ or any combination of multiple organs -Canicola and grippotyphosa affect the kidney more than the liver -Icterhemorrhagica and pomona affect the liver more than the kidney -Grippotyphosa may lead to chronic active hepatitis -Puppies less than 6 months old show liver involvement most commonly |
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Leptospirosis Breed predispositions
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-Occurs in all dogs
-Mostly bigger dogs, but can also affect small dogs -large breed outdoor adult dogs are most commonly affected |
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Leptospirosis in Kidney
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-Persists for months to years
-Even persists in presence of serum neutralizing antibody -Will be shed intermittently in the urine -Can be associated with chronic renal damage or chronic liver damage -Gives possibility for zoonotic spread to humans and other dogs and other animals in environment |
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Leptospirosis deactivation
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-Can kill with common detergents
-iodophor disinfectants -Doxycycline stops urinary shedding --penicillin can help animal get through infection but will not clear kidneys of organism, animal can continue to shed spirochetes --Doxycycline clears carrier status |
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Leptospirosis epidemiology
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-Enzootic in cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, small wildlife
-Shed in urine -Can exist in stagnant and slow-moving warm water --flooding -Public health concern --dogs can act as reservoir for humans -Occurs in all areas from rural to suburban to urban (rat urine) -Easily inactivated by chemical disinfectants and soap, killed rapidly |
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Leptospirosis in Cats
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-Naturally resistant, can be seropositive
-Only a few reports of lepto causing illness in cats -Organism is shed in urine for prolonged periods of time -Can be intermittent shedders for years |
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Leptospirosis in the Environment
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-Survives in the environment!
-Stays in moisture, neutral/alkaline soil -Temperature -Sun and drying will kill organism |
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Leptospirosis transmission
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-Organism penetrates the mucosa of GI tract, nasopharynx, conjunctiva, and genitalia
-Skin penetration can occur, especially via scratches, broken cuticles, or diseased areas -Can be transmitted via direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation of infected materials -Veneral spread -Transplacental infection of fetuses -Contamination of water, food, soil |
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Leptospirosis Pathogenesis
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-After penetration lepto goes into the blood
--leptospiremia for 4-7 days -Organism is cleared from circulation, localizes to the kidney --causes variable damage to the kidney -Is excreted in urine for moths to years -Causes vasculitis due to acute endothelial injury --DIC, hemorrhages, and pulmonary hemorrhages are all possible --toxins cause endothelial damage -Biopsy may not have many organisms, toxins are causing the main problem -LPS stimulates neutrophil adherence and platelet activation |
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Clinical signs of Canine leptospirosis
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-Subclinical, acute, or chronic signs
-Subclinical case is most common -Most often has kidney involvement -Usually seasonal signs, august to november -Animals may become carriers --can shed organisms for months to years -Lethargy, depression, anorexia, dehydration, fever --non-specific signs!!! |
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Leptospirosis GI signs
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-Abdominal pain
-Vomiting/diarrhea -Hematochezia -Melena -Possible intussusception |
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Leptospirosis Renal signs
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-PU/PD
--loss of concentrating ability -Renomegaly -Kidneys may be painful -Oliguria or anuria if severe -Chronic renal failure can occur later on |
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Leptospirosis Liver signs
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-Icterus
-Cholestasis -Grey stool -Chronic active hepatitis |
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Leptospirosis Vasculitis signs
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-Petechiation and ecchymoses
-Peripheral edema -DIC |
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Leptospirosis Respiratory Signs
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-pharyngitis or tonsilitis
-Oculonasal discharge -Rhinitis -Epistaxis -Cough -Dyspnea -Pulmonary hemorrhages! |
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Leptospirosis and Uveitis, Muscle signs
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-Lepto can cause equine recurrent uveitis
-Myalgia/myositis --see as change in muscle enzymes -Can look like lyme/RMSF/anaplasma |
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L. canicola
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-Causes interstitial nephritis of varying severity
-Mostly kidney problems -15% of dogs had jaundice |
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L. icterohemorrhagiae
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-More severe disease
-High fever, anorexia, depression -Conjunctivitis -Damage to liver, kidney, GI tract -Hemorrhages from mucus membranes -70% of animals have jaundice |
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L. pomona and grippotyphosa
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-Causes liver and kidney disease signs
-Arthralgia/myalgia may be the first or only signs --occurs before kidney or liver or GI or other signs -Looks like lyme |
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Leptospirosis Lab diagnostics: CBC and Chem
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-Anemia: due to chronic or acute bleeding
--can be due to chronic illness -Leukopenia to begin -Leukocytosis with left shift later --similar to other bacterial infections -Thrombocytopenia due to vasculitis and consumption of platelets -Azotemia with increased BUN, creatinine, P if kidney disease is severe enough --will see tubular damage on biopsy, leptospirochetes in biopsy with silver stain -Increased bilirubin, ALP due to cholestasis -Increased AST alone due to muscle damage -Changes in electrolytes and albumin --Na, K, Cl -Metabolic acidosis |
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Leptospirosis treatment
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-Doxycycline! clears carrier state
-Treat with penicillin during the 1st week -Baytril? -Treat with antibiotics for 3 weeks at least to clear the kidney --treat for longer if pyelonephritis is present -Supportive treatment |
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Leptospirosis Lab Tests: Urinalysis
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-Do not want to touch the urine! can penetrate!
-Isosthenuria -Proteinuria: tubular, smaller MW proteins -Bilirubinuria -Glucosuria due to tubular damage, not due to diabetes -Will have active urine sediment due to pyelonephritis --WBCs, RBCs, casts -Lepto will not show up on urine culture |
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Leptospirosis Lab Tests: Other
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-Increased creatine kinase (CK)
--especially if muscles are involved -Amylase -Fibrin splits and D-dimers --abnormal coagulation due to DIC -Changes in CSF due to meningitis |
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Lepto ultrasound of Kidneys
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-Changes in medulla
-Hypoechoic sub-capsular rim -Medullary hyperechoic band |
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Leptospirosis Differential Diagnoses
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-ONLY occurs in lush, wet areas, will not see lepto in dry areas!
-Lepto may be underlying cause of many diseases --chronic renal failure --chronic active hepatitis -Bacterial infections -Viral infections -Rickettsial infections -Fungal infections -Immune-mediated diseases -Pancreatitis -Poisoning -GI obstruction -Hyperthermia |
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Lepto diagnosis in Dogs
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-Acute stages:
--organism in blood, PCR positive in 1st week --organism in urine in 2nd week -Do PCR before starting treatment, will get false negative -Can see in urine with dark-field microscopy -Culture is difficult -Stain with special silver stain or direct fluorescent antibody test |
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Lepto Diagnosis via Serology
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-Look for antibody
-May need paired titers, convalescent titer is key! --usually need 4x increase in titer -Treatment may blunt the increase in convalescent titers -Vaccine may falsely increase titers -Acute titer in first 4-7 days of illness is negative -Seroconversion takes 10-14 days, do convalescent titer at least 2 weeks into the illness -Titers drop pretty quickly after exposure and vaccine --become negative, animal can be re-exposed |
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Lepto vaccination and false+ titer
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-Vaccination may produce false+ titer
-Serovars cross-react with each other -No in-house test yet to include lepto, no fast way to know --have to send lepto test out -Micro-agglutination test is the standard --more sensitive, gives titers for 5-6 serotypes --looks for antibody in the serum -ELISA new test -PCR, must be taken before treatment --can be done on blood, serum, or urine --negative PCR does not rule out infection -Western blot test for the future? differentiate between vaccine and natural exposure? |
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Summary of Leptospirosis Diagnosis
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-Mostly based on clinical signs
-If animal has been vaccinated more than 3 months ago, titer needs to be more than 1:400 -Carrier may be excreting organism but still have a negative titer! --tubules are protected from the immune system, no reaction, no antibodies produced -Stable titer may indicate past exposure -Lab may not include titers for all pathogenic lepto strains -Histopathology of kidney lesions usually indicates interstitial nephritis (tubular), NOT glomerular tissue |
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Leptospirosis Prognosis
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-Acutely Sick: guarded prognosis
--may have severe damage to the liver and kidneys --Death from widespread organ damage, renal failure, or hemorrhage -If animal recovers, residual efforts may be chronic renal failure and/or chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis |
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Leptospirosis Prevention
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-Vaccinate!
--does not work very well -Only thing available, needs to be used -Give every 6 months if high-exposure -Old vaccine caused anaphylaxis! -New vaccine still has reactions -Do not rely on vaccine for full protection! Look for lepto in patients! |
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Leptospirosis and Public health
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-Avoid exposure
--rats, wildlife, biohazard care, isolation -Potential of transmission to other animals and people from blood and discharges in acute stages -200mg doxycycline with suspected exposure and again in 2 weeks |
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Infectious Canine Hepatitis and leptospirosis similarities
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-Gi signs
-Kidney changes -Liver changes -Eye changes -CBC and urinalysis changes -Vasculitis -Hemorrhages -Carrier state |
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Infectious Canine Hepatitis
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-VERY rare in PA
-Has not really occurred since 1970's -Still present in AK and some other areas -Adenovirus-1 -Affects canids only -Causes glomerular disease -No icterus, causes blue-eyes due to corneal changes --blue eye in convalescent phase due to immune complex deposition -Centrolobular liver, does not cause cholestasis, does not result in icterus -Leukopenia -Immunity from vaccine or exposure is long --vaccine is safe --SQ or Intranasal vaccine -No treatment! virus, cannot get rid of it |
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Feline Panleukopenia
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-Parvo in cats
-AKA feline parvovirus, feline distemper, feline infectious enteritis, cat fever, feline typhoid |
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Feline Panleukopenia Agent
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-Small single-stranded DNA parvovirus
-related to mink enteritis virus, canine parvovirus -2-3 critical amino acids in capsid proteins are responsible for species tropism -Does not infect dogs --dog parvo can infect cats, but cat parvo cannot infect dogs -Stable in environment for up to a year -Resistant to soap, water, alcohol, regular disinfectants --Need to use specific parvo-cidal product --bleach, formalin |
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Feline Panleukopenia susceptible species
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-All members of the felines
-Mustelidae: badger, fisher, grison, marten, mink, otter, sable, skunk, wolverine, ferret -Procyonidae: raccoon, etc. -Viverridae: bearcat |
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Feline Panleukopenia Transmission
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-Ubiquitous, is everywhere!
-Persists in environment and on fomites -Highly contagious -Most cats are exposed during 1st year of life -75% of unvaccinated, clinically healthy cats have demonstrable antibody titers by 1 year of age -Most infections are subclinical -Virus is shed in feces, urine, saliva -Shed for 3-6 weeks post-infection and may be shed for longer -Transmission via direct contact, fomites, or flies -Environmental contamination is VERY important |
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Feline Panleukopenia avoidance
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-Isolate and quarantine all suspected cases
-Do not bring a cat into the area until it is fully vaccinated -Maternal antibodies from colostrum may interfere with kitten's ability to mount a full response if exposed --interferes with active immunization -Most sick kittens present during the summer months |
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Feline Panleukopenia pathogenesis
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-Incubation period of 2-10 days
-Virus is taken up by macrophages of mucus membranes --migrates to local lymphoid tissue, leads to hematogenous spread -Radiomimetic, infects rapidly dividing cells --bone marrow, causes leukopenia --intestinal crypt cells --fetus, especially cerebellum and CNS, causes cerebellar hypoplasia |
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Feline Panleukopenia Bone Marrow Activity
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-Decimates neutrophil population
-Causes leukopenia and neutropenia |
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Normal Lifespan of Blood cells
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-RBCs: 100 days
-Platelets: 10 days -Neutrophils: less than 10 hours |
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Radiomimetic
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-Targets rapidly/actively dividing cells
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Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Feline Panleukopenia
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-Infection of a queen with feline panleukopenia during late gestation can result in cerebellar hypoplasia in the fetuses
-Variability among a litter in severity of infection -Causes hypermetric gait -Bobbing head, trouble with fine motor adjustment -Permanent issue for cat, will not get better -Cat may be shedding virus particles |
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Feline Panleukopenia Clinical Signs
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-Variable severity, can range from sub-clinical to very severe and 90% mortality
-Fever, biphasic temperature that goes up and down over 36 hours -Anorexia, depression, listlessness, dehydration, abdominal pain, ptyalism (salivation) -Vomiting in 70% of cases -Diarrhea is least common of signs, may be bloody -May be able to palpate thickened, ropey intestinal loops --mesenteric lymphadenopathy |
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Feline Panleukopenia Clinical signs in complicated cases
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-Oral ulcers
-Bloody diarrhea -Icterus -Secondary baterial or viral infections -Rarely DIC can occur |
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Feline Panleukopenia Clinical course
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-Usually 5-7 day disease course
-Animal usually gets better or dies within a week or so -Without treatment, mortality in kittens less than 4 months old is 75% -In exotics, will see a lot of dysentery --issue in mink industry |
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Feline Panleukopenia in germ-free cat model
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-Cats do not have gut flora, no bacteria to stimulate high turnover rate of intestinal epithelial cells
--slower intestinal cell turnover, less active mitosis -No GI signs -Radiomimetic virus does not affect intestinal crypt cells -Bone marrow is still affected -Clinical illness is shorter and milder with not GI signs |
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Feline Panleukopenia In-utero infection
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-Early infection: fetal death with resorption
--infertility in queen, abortions, birth of mummified fetuses -Late infection: pre-natal to 9-day neonatal --cerebellar hypoplasia, non-progressive head tremor, ataxia, obvious in-coordination at 2-3 weeks of age --kittens within a litter are variably affected --cerebrum, retina, optic nerves can also be affected but less common |
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Feline Panleukopenia Lab Findings: CBC
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-WBC count may be very low at height of disease
--50-3000 cells per microliter -Neutropenia -Thrombocytopenia can occur but less common -Look at WBC count or blood smear daily for prognosis and change in disease |
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Feline Panleukopenia lab findings: Chem screen
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-Pre-renal azotemia from dehydration
-Hyperglycemia due to stress -Hypoglycemia in the very young patient --due to poor glycogen stores or sepsis -Rehydration can show hypoproteinemia or hypokalemia -Elevated liver enzymes and/or icterus is less commonly seen --due to severe enteritis around the bile duct in duodenum and cholestasis |
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Feline panleukopenia Diagnosis
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-History of exposure in unvaccinated animals
--vaccine is very effective, should prevent disease -Physical exam -Can find on parvo antigen test -Look at WBC count or smears to get idea for how many neutrophils there are -Serology, paired titers, virus isolation, intranuclear inclusion bodies, PCR not often done |
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Feline Panleukopenia Differential Diagnoses
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-FeLV Panleukopenia syndrome
--cats do not get better in 5-7 days -Intestinal obstruction -Acute bacterial septicemia or toxemia -Poisoning -GI lymphosarcoma -Acute toxoplasmosis -Salmonellosis |
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Feline Panleukopenia Pathology
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-Hyperemia with or without hemorrhages on serosal surfaces of bowel loops
-Hemorrhagic and edematous mesenteric lymph nodes -Loss of crypt cells in jejunum and ileum --leads to loss of small intestinal villous epithelium -Depletion of germinal centers of lymphoid tissue -Eosinophilic bodies are hard to find in fixed tissue |
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Feline Panleukopenia Treatment
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-Supportive care!
-Fluids and electrolytes -Broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics --doxycycline is only bacteriostatic -May need extra K, glucose, colloids, albumin -Anti-emetics -NPO, decrease vomiting and bowel mitotic activity -Nutritional support, especially if NPO -B vitamins -Prognosis is variable |
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Feline Panleukopenia Vaccination
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-Very effective vaccine!
-Give as low as possible on right front leg to reduce sarcoma issues -Initial vaccine series every 3-4 weeks until over 12 weeks -If over 12 weeks at first presentation, give 1 dose modified live virus or 2 doses killed virus vaccine -Give vaccine every 3 years --annual vaccine is not necessary |
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Feline panleukopenia post-vaccinal adverse events
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-Anaphylaxis is rare
-Usually only mild systemic signs or local pain -Post-vaccinal fibrosarcoma --more common with rabies or FeLV than FVRCP -Combination vaccine is what is likely to cause anaphylaxis -interstitial nephritis sensitization? --vaccine is grown in kidney cells, causes reaction to kidney cells as well as virus? |
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FVRCP vaccination recommendations
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-Give 1st of series at 6-8 weeks of age
-Give every 3-4 weeks until cat is 12 weeks old -Give first adult booster at 15 months then every 3 years -Window of time for susceptibility for kittens when maternal antibodies are wearing off and titer is high enough to cause active immunization but not high enough to protect the kitten from natural infection -Avoid exposure of cats until they have had full kitten series! -Protection is possibly life-long for feline panleukopenia |
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FVRCP vaccination duration of immunity
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-After full series, immunity is possibly life-long
-Feline panleukopenia titers are high even 7 years after initial series of vaccines -Duration of immunity for feline herpes and calicivirus is shorter --FVRCP combo is recommended to be given every 3 years -If using SQ FVRCP, give distally over right shoulder area --not between shoulder blades |
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Intranasal FVRCP vaccine
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-Faster protection
-Not associated with post-vaccinal fibrosarcoma --lymphocytic/plasmacytic rhinitis? -Less likely to cause false positive on parvocite test -Less likely to cause interstitial nephritis -May break through maternal antibody interference better -Causes sneezing and shedding of the modified live virus to other cats --not good if there is a pregnant queen -Never inject an intranasal product SQ!! can make animal very sick! |
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Protecting cats from Feline Panleukopenia
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-Bleach to kill the environment
--dilute 1:32 with water -Make sure any new cat is fully vaccinated before introducing them to a contaminated house |
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Post-vaccinal Sarcomas 1-2-3 rule
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-Giving vaccines every year can potentially be causing cancer!
-Biopsy and remove if: --lump is still growing after 1 month --lump is more than 2cm in diameter --lump is persisting for more than 3 months -Not enough to do a fine-needle aspirate, need to biopsy -High incidence, 1/1000-1/10,000, significant problem! |
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Post-vaccinal adverse reactions
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-More common in small dogs than large breed dogs
-Important to put vaccines in predictable spot |
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Minimum duration of immunity with vaccines
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-Core vaccines have good duration
-Elective vaccines have poor duration of immunity --less response with elective vaccines, not as effective protection |
