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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What term describes the info recorded on the image that constitutes the diagnostic image?
a. density b. distortion c. contrast d. recorded detail |
d. recorded detail
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Geometric recorded detail is increased whenever unsharpness can be (decreased, increased)
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decreased
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(non-screen, screen) exposures give the greatest rec detail.
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non-screen
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Choose the smaller time of exposure:
a. .05 b. 50 milliseconds c. they are the same |
c. they are the same
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(fast, slow) screens contribute to increased quantum mottle on the image.
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fast
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An acceptable radiograph is taken. When the radiographer attempted to increase the density slightly, a mistake was made and instead of adding 6 kvp, the mas was doubled . the most likely result will be (over exposure, under exposure) of the image.
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over exposure
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Areas of low density within the body are visible as a (greater, lesser) film density (OD) when compared to structures of higher density.
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greater
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an increase from 60 to 80 kvp will have what effect on the scale of contrast?
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Longer scale
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Which of the following conditions does not contribute to subject Contrast
a. quality radiation b. body tissue c. emulsion d. condition of the body |
c. emulsion
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Which of the following will have greatest effect on contrast?
a. filtration b. close collimation c. focal spot d. mA station |
b. close collimation
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an image that indicates short, abrupt changes from the minimum to the maximum useful density on the film is said to possess
a. considerable latitude b. long scale contrast c. low contrast d. high contrast |
d. high contrast
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why is contrast needed in a radiographic image?
a. makes recorded detail visible b. increases sharpness of rec detail c. decreases distortion d. all of the above |
a. makes recorded detail visible
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which of the statements is true?
a. high kvp, high contrast b. high kvp, low contrast c. high kvp, short scale d. high kvp, low density |
b. high kvp, low contast
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as contrast decreases, how is the number of densities in the film affected?
a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. varies from film to film |
a. increases
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which of the following will decrease contrast?
a. high KVP b. improper collimation c. outdated film d. all the above |
d. all the above
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Radiographs on which patient type would display the highest contrast?
a. muscular patient b. pt. who is retaining water c. pt. who has lost minerals in bones d. pt. who has been sick for a long time |
d. a patient who has been sick for a long time
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the addition of which contrast media to the body will decrease the tissue density of the part?
a. air b. iodine c. barium |
a. air
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the ability of an imaging system to record two adjacent structures as separate objects is called
a. distortion b. contrast resolution c. archival d. spatial resolution |
d. spatial resolution
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which type of distortion might be the best at hiding a small fx?
a. foreshortening b. elongation c. spatial distortion |
a. foreshortening
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measured in mR or mR/mas
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radiation quantity
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measured by the half value layer
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radiation quality
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pt with ascites is examined with AEC. what factor will automatically increase for additive pathology?
a. mas b. kvp |
a. mas
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what are the physical imperfections in the emulsion layer of rad film called?
a. silver bromide crystals b. silver iodide crystals c. sensitivity specks d. silver halide crystals |
c. sensitivity specks
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what kind of radiographic film is designed to respond specifically to x radiation and not to light emitted from intensifying screens?
a. direct exposure film b. screen film c. orthocromatic film d. panchromatic film |
a. direct exposure film
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when a film has the emulsion coated on both sides it is referred to as
a. single emulsion film b. bilateral film c. double emulsion film d. a or b |
c. double emulsion film
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what influences the speed of radiographic film?
a. the amount of silver halide in emulsion b. color of the dye added to film base c. size of the silver halide crystals d. a and c |
d. a and c
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what is the term used to describe the color of light to which radiographic film is sensitive?
a. chromatic spectrometry b. orthochromatic sensitivity c. panchromatic matching d. sprectral sensitivity |
d. sprectral sensitivity
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gurney mott theory is associated with
a. CR latent image formation b. film latent image formation c. DR latent image formaton d. rare earth phosphor intens screens |
b. film latent image formation
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the two basic components of rad film are the ___ and the ____.
a. base, adhesive layer b. base, emulsion c. emulsion, gelatin d. emulsion, silver halide |
b. base, emulsion
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modern rad film base is made of ___
a. cellulose nitrate b. silver halide c. gelatin d. polyester |
d. polyester
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the main purpose of the gelatin emulsion in rad film is to ____.
a. resist chem penetration b. hold the silver halide crystals c. maintain dimensional stability d. protect the base |
b. hold the silver halide crystals
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silver halide crystals in film emulsion consist of ___ and ___.
a. potassium bromide, silver bromide b. silver nitrate, silver bromide c. silver bromide, silver iodide d. silver nitrate, potassium bromide |
c. silver bromide, silver iodide
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latent image formation occurs as a result of film ____.
a. processing b. manufacturing c. storage d. exposure |
d. exposure
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the latent image can be seen _____.
a. w/ a microscope b. w/ the naked eye c. only after development d. only under red light |
c. only after development
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True or False
film is more sensitive after exposure to radiation than prior to exposure. |
True
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photon interactions free the electrons from ____ atoms in the silver halide crystal.
a. bromide b. iodide c. silver d. both A and B |
d. both A and B
photon interactions free the electrons from ___bromide and iodide____ atoms in the silver halide crystal. |
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the latent image is made up of approx 4-10 ___ atoms at the sens center.
a. bromide b. silver c. iodine d. sulfide |
b. silver
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photoelectric interactions in the emulsion can occur w/ exposure to ___ photons.
a. x rays b. light c. heat d. both A and B |
d. both A and B
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the size , shape, and ditribution of silver halide determine the ___ of screen-film.
a. speed b. contrast c. sensitivity d. all the above |
d. all the above
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the contrast of film is inversely proportional to its
a. latitude b. speed c. contrast d. sensitivity |
a. latitude
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what is a reasonable maximum storage time for rad film
a. 45 days b. 100 days c. 6 months d. 1 year |
a. 45 days
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storing film in low humidity most likely causes
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static artifacts
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film should be stored at a temp at or below___ and with humidity no higher that ___.
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68 deg , 40%
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____ is the exposure of emulsion caused by light from the opposite rad intensifying screen. the addition of light absorbing dye helps to control this issue.
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crossover
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the characteristic of the radiographic film base related to the ability of the base to maintain size and shape _____
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dimensional stability
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what is the stage of processing that converts the latent image to a manifest image?
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developing
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what stage does the process of removing unexposed and undeveloped silver H from the emulsion occur (clearing)?
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fixing
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the __ is the only solution in the processor dramatically affected by contamination
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developer
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T or F
90 seconds is a typical processing time |
True
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while in the developer solution, additional electrons are added to the
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sensitivity specks (centers)
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in the developer solution exposed silver halide crystals are reduced to black ___ silver
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metalic
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stopping the dev process takes place during
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fixing
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film can turn brown during storage due to retention of ___
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fixer
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when developer chemicals become increasingly inactive due to air and usage they are deemed ____
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exhausted
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concept of using the film that has been stored the longest is known as
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FIFO
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T or F
a 40 watt bulb is appropriate for a safelight |
False
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Dev Temp should be
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93- 95 degrees
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rollers are part of the ___ system
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transport
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what is the area on the sensitometric curve that represents the min level of density
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Toe
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what is the evaluation of the response of film to exposure and processing called?
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sensitometry
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film with a characteristic curve showing a high and steep slope would be useful when ___ is needed
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high contrast
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what is the range of optical density acceptable for base + fog values
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.10 - .20
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what area of the sensitometric curve includes max level of density ( Dmax)
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shoulder
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what is the formula for optical density?
0 = original |
OD = log10(I o/ I t )
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what is the range of diagnostic densities on the radiograph?
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.25 - 2.5
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the terms gamma, average gradient and gradient point all describe what?
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Contrast
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the measurement of average gradient is the slope of the straight-line portion of a curve between
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.?
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high quality radiograph should always demonstrate ___
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structures and tissue differences
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slower image receptors provide higher spatial and contrast resolution due to ___ noise.
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Low
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an increase in LRE of ___ results from doubling the radiation exposure
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0.3
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when 10% of the light is transmitted through a film the OD is
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?
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____ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other
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spatial resolution
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higher speed IRs produce images with
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more noise
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a __ is an example of an exposure artifact.
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foreign object in or on the patient
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a static mark is usually created during __ of the film
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handling
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what sort of artifact is a guide shoe mark?
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processing artifact
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generally most repeated film exams are caused by ___ artifacts.
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exposure artifacts
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an improperly positioned cassette for a mobile abdomen can cause __ artifact
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grid cut-off
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misalignment of the processor turnaround assembly can cause ___
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guide shoe marks
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pi lines are caused by
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chemical build up on rollers
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thin lines on the lead or trailing edge of a film are
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guide shoe marks
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a bi color chemical stain on a radiograph is called
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both a curtain effect and a dichroic stain
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low humidity in the darkroom causes
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tree static
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a streak of high OD (black) on the finished radiograph can be caused by ___
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light leaks in the cassette or darkroom
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what causes image blur on the finished image
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patient motion
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kink marks (half moon) are caused by
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bending film
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a minus density artifact not due to processing chemicals
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fingerprints
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which is a repeating arifact?
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processing
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pi lines run __ to film travel through the processor
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perpendicular
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select the plus density artifact
a. static discharges b. fingerprints c. foreign objects d. scratches |
a. static discharges
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T or F
artifacts are an unavoidable aspect of dig imaging |
False
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three classifications of dig imaging artifacts are ___ ___ ___
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image receptor, software, and object
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during preprocessing the dig output of the IR may need to be manipulated to correct for ___
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dead pixels
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what ratio is assoc with Lossy
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100;1
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ghost image =
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incomplete erasure
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minimal number of collimated margins
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3
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quality assurance monitors
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people
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determination of how consistently radiologist's interpretations match diagnoses is called ;
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outcome analysis
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a QC program should include ___ , routine performance monitoring, and preventative maintenance.
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acceptance testing
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first step of JCAHO (currently called TJC) is to ___
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assign responsibility
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primary consideration of quality management
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patient safety
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instrument used for determining accuracy of a single phase timer?
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manual spinning top test (shows dots)
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what quality often brings the patient back to the hospital ?
a. perceived b. expected c. actual |
perceived quality
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crossover racks should be cleaned on a ______ basis
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daily
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a person, dept or organization that needs or wants a desired outcome
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Customer
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what measurement is done semi-anually
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collimation
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the likelihood of obtaining a positive diagnosis in a pt with the disease actually present is termed
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Sensitivity
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term associated with emitted light from a viewbox
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Watts
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prohibit food and drink from darkroom to
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Prevent artifacts
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which of the following combinations would produce the best detail?
a. slow screens and 1 mm focal spot b. fast screens and 1 mm focal spot |
a. slow screens and 1 mm focal spot
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