Im So Tired

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divergent thinking

Back 1

expands the number of possible problems solutions

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DNA

Back 2

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

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down syndrome

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condition of mind to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome

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dream

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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.

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drive-reduction theory

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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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dual processing

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the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

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eclectic approach

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look towords psuchoherpy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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ecstasy (MDMA)

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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effert

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ego

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the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud
- operates on reality principle

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egocentrism

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Pigets theory
- the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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electroconvulsive therapy

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for severely depressed patients in which a brief electrical current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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embodied cognition

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the influence of bodily sensation, gestures, and other states on cognitive preference and judgements

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embryo

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the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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emerging adulthood

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for some people in the modern cultures, a period from the late teen to mid-twenties

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emotion

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a response of a whole organism, involving
1) psychological arousal
2) expressive behavior
3) conscious experience

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emotional intelligence

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the ability to perceive, manage, understand, and use emotions

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emotion-focused coping

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attempting to alleviate by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

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encoding

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the process of information into the memory system
ex, by extracting meaning

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endocrine

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the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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endorphins

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natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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environment

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every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

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epigenetics

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the study of the environmental influences on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change

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equity

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a condition in which people conceive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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estrogens

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sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. in nonhuman female mamals, estrogen levels peak during, ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

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eviedence-based practice

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clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical experience and patient characteristics and preferences

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evolutionary psychology

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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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experiment

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a research method in which an investigator manipulated on or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effort of some behavior or metal process (dependent variable)

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experimental group

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the group exposed to the experiment

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explicit memory

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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know or "declare

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and visual reality exposure therapy, treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

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externallocus of control

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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

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extinction

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the diminishing of conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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extrasensory perception (ESP)

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the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognitiion

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extrinsic motion

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a desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards to avoid threatened punishment

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facial feedback effect

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the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or happiness

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family therapy

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treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

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feature detectors

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nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

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feel-good, do-good phenomenon

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people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women's heavy drinking. in sever cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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fetus

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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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figure-ground

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the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surrounding (the ground)

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fixation

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according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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fixed-interval schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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flow

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a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

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fluid intelligence

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out ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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fMRI (functional MRI)

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a technique for revealing bloodflow and; therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. show brain function

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foot -in-the-door phenomenon

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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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formal operational stage

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Pigget'a theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning around age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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fovea

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the central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster

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framing

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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

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fraternal twin

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twins who develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. they are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment

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free association

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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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frequency

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the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (ex, per second)

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frequency theory

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in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

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frontal lobes

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portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead ; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

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frustration-aggression principle

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the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

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fundamentalism

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earl school of thought promoted by james and influences by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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gate-control theory

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the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers or by information coming from the brain

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gender

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the socially constructed roles ad characteristics by which a culture defines mal and female

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gender identity

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our sense or being male or female

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gender role

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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

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gender-typing

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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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general inteligence

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a general intelligence factor that, according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on intelligence test

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generalization

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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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genes

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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing protein

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gestalt

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an organized whole, Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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glial cells

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in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also pay a role in learning and thinking

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glucose

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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry

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group polarization

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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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group therapy

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therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

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grouping

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the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

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groupthink

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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives