Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CM - dilated hypertrophy def
|
dilation of left ventricle
|
|
|
CM - dilated hypertrophy - EKG
|
l
|
|
|
CM=cardiomyopathies
|
x
|
|
|
HTN=hypertension
|
x
|
|
|
HTN - def
|
S>130, D>90 on 3 separate occasions
|
|
|
HTN - sx
|
asx
HA |
|
|
HTN - pre
|
120-139/80-90
|
|
|
HTN - stage 1
|
140-159/90-99
|
|
|
HTN - stage 2
|
>160/>100
|
|
|
HTN - primary def
|
no underly cause - 95%
|
|
|
HTN - exacerbating factors 5
|
ETOH
NSAIDS smoking low K sedentary |
|
|
HTN - at risk groups 4
|
blacks
sedentary males smokers |
|
|
HTN - environmental factors
|
salt
obesity |
|
|
HTN - secondary def
|
d/t underlying cause
|
|
|
HTN - underlying causes 8
|
sleep apnea
estrogen pheochromo coarctation steroids renal dz thyroid dz pg |
|
|
HTN - malignant
|
assoc with papilledema and either encephalopathy or nephropahty
|
|
|
HTN - urgency
|
s> 220 or D>125; treat within hours
|
|
|
HTN - emergency
|
D>130, treat immediately
|
|
|
HTN - emerg complications
|
encephalopathy
nephropathy IC hemorrhage aortic dissection eclampsia pulmonary edema angina MI |
|
|
HTN - EKG
|
LVH - S waves V1 and V2; R waves V5 and V6
|
|
|
HTN - blood
|
decr H&H
incr BUN, creatinine, glucose |
|
|
HTN - pharm plan
|
try for 2-fers
|
|
|
HTN - pharm mgmt 6
|
diuretics
b blockers ace/arb ca channel renin inhibitors a blockers |
|
|
HTN - diuretic mgmt
|
thiazide to start, start low no benefit to higher doses
loop is hard to manage |
|
|
HTN - b blockers
|
metropolol
antenolol |
|
|
HTN - ACE/ARB
|
ACE first line mild to moderate, causes cough d/t bradykinins - prils
ARB not as effective, but no cough - losartan |
|
|
HTN - ca blockers best for
|
blacks and elderly
|
|
|
HTN - ca blockers moa
|
cause vasodilation
|
|
|
HTN - emergent tx
|
sodium nitroprusside
|
|
|
HTN - emergent tx with MI
|
add nitro or beta blocker
|
|
|
HTN - emergent tx if aortic dissection
|
nitro and beta blocker
|
|
|
HTN - emergent tx other options
|
loop diuretics
hydralazine |
|
|
HTN - urgent tx options
|
oral clonidine, captopril, and nifedipine
|
|
|
HTN - pharm when start
|
stage I
|
|
|
HTN - pharm stage II requires
|
2 drugs
|
|
|
HTN - avoid diuretics in
|
diabetes
hyperlipidemia |
|
|
HTN - avoid b blockers in
|
CHF
asthma hyperlipidemia |
|
|
HTN - secondary renovascular clin man
|
elevated serum creatinine
|
|
|
HTN - secondary coarctation clin man
|
unequal pulse top/bottom
rib notch claudication |
|
|
HTN - secondary aldosteronism clin man
|
hypokalemia
metabolic acidosis |
|
|
HTN - secondary Cushings
|
truncal obesity
|
|
|
HTN - secondary pheo
|
Tachycardic
polyuria HA diaphoresis |
|
|
HTN - secondary sleep apnea clin man
|
snoring
obesity |
|
|
hypotension - def
|
S<90 or 30 below baseline
|
|
|
hypotension - causes
|
MI
valvular dz trauma myocarditis tachyarrhythmias |
|
|
IHD=ischemic heart dz
|
x
|
|
|
IHD - def
|
insufficient O2 to cardiac muscle
|
|
|
IHD - most common cause
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
IHD - risk factors
|
age
low estrogen cigs fam hx htn dm truncal obesity sedentary |
|
|
IHD - clin man
|
angina
|
|
|
IHD - EKG
|
downward sloping ST depression
flat or inverted T waves |
|
|
IHD - stress test
|
1 mm depression during exercise
|
|
|
IHD - echo
|
LV function
|
|
|
IHD - tx
|
nitro acutely
long acting nitro - must have 10 hour free period beta blocker - first line Ca blocker - 3rd line aspirin for emboli |
|
|
CAD - def
|
plaque formation in arteries of small and medium vessels
|
|
|
CAD - inc
|
men>women until menopause then gradually 1:1
|
|
|
CAD - etiolgoy
|
smoking
high cholesterol |
|
|
CAD - marker
|
CRP
|
|
|
CAD - mgmt
|
glucose
PB obesity exercise dyslipidemia |
|
|
ACS=acute coronary syndromes
|
x
|
|
|
ACS - defined
|
unstable angina to MI
|
|
|
ACS - classifications
|
STEMI
NSTEMI |
|
|
MI=myocardial infarction
|
x
|
|
|
MI - classified as
|
STEMI
NSTEMI |
|
|
MI - result of
|
prolonged ischemia
|
|
|
MI - causes 5
|
thrombus**
prolonged vasospasm - prinzmetal angina excessive O2 demand coronary artery dissection cocaine |
|
|
MI - silent most often in 3
|
women
elderly DM |
|
|
MI - clin man
|
retrosternal pain increasing in severity
am hours low grade fever incr BP tachy or brady |
|
|
MI - dressler's syndrome
|
1-2 weeks later
pericarditis fever effusion leukocytosis |
|
|
MI - EKG progression
|
peaked T -> ST elevation or depr -> Q waves -> T depressions
|
|
|
MI - Q waves
|
impossible to tell age of infarct
|
|
|
MI - inferior leads
|
II, III, AVF
|
|
|
MI - posterior leads
|
V1 and V2
|
|
|
MI - anteroseptal leads
|
V1 and V2
|
|
|
MI - anterior leads
|
V1, V2, and V3
|
|
|
MI - anterolateral leads
|
V4, V5, V6
|
|
|
MI - labs
|
troponins elevated 3-12 hours after
CKMB - 3-6 hours after, not specific |
|
|
MI - dx
|
EKG
echo angiography |
|
|
MI - tx
|
MONA +
beta blockers if no failure, brady, or block Ca blockers - if beta aren't tolerated |
|
|
MI - STEMI goal
|
angiography w/i 90 minutes
thrombolytics w/i 3 hours statins in days following |
|
|
MI - complications
|
arrhythmias
failure mechanical thromboembolic |
|
|
ANG - stable
|
pain caused by activity resolving in 15 minutes with rest or nitro
|
|
|
ANG - pain
|
midsternal radiating to jaw, shoulder, arms, wrists, back of neck - usually left
|
|
|
ANG - unstable
|
pain at rest
not responsive to meds incr pattern > 30 minutes |
|
|
ANG - prinzmetal's
|
at rest with preserved activity d/t vasospasm caused by endothelias dysfx
|
|
|
ANG - prinzmetal tx
|
Ca blockers
|
|
|
ANG - sign
|
levines sign - clenched fist/teeth when describing pain
|
|
|
ANG - tx
|
nitro
b blockers control HTN and DM2 revascularize |
|
|
ANG - dx
|
stress test
angiography |
|
|
ANG - unstable labs
|
normal EKG and cardiac enzymes
|
|
|
CHF - def
|
dyspnea and abnormal retention of sodium and water
|
|
|
CHF - d/t changes in 3
|
contractile ability
preload and afterload heart rate |
|
|
CHF - adverse effects
|
left atrial enlargement
|
|
|
CHF - clin man general
|
narrow pulse pressure
hypotension nocturia |
|
|
CHF - clin man left sided
|
DOE
orthopnea PND |
|
|
CHF - clin man right sided
|
JVD
hepatic congestion pitting edema |
|
|
CHF - EKG
|
low voltage
LVH |
|
|
CHF - xray
|
effusion (think white meniscus)
interstitial edema kerley b lines venous dilation |
|
|
CHF - non pharm tx
|
progressive aerobic exercise
low salt stress reduction |
|
|
CHF - tx initial
|
diuretics plus ACE
|
|
|
CHF - tx ca blockers when
|
only to treat associated angina or htn
|
|
|
CHF - tx definitie
|
revascularization
implantable defib |
|
|
CP=cor pulmonale
|
x
|
|
|
CP - def
|
right sided hypertrophy from pulmonary htn
|
|
|
CP - clin man
|
syncope
chest pain edema JVD |
|
|
CP - tx
|
ca blocker
diuretics underlying dz |
