I&i-Exam 1

Front 1

what are the 2 types of viral vaccines?

Back 1

1. conventional vaccines

2. recombinant DNA-derived vaccines

Front 2

what are the 2 types of conventional viral vaccines?

Back 2

1. live

2. inactivated (killed)

Front 3

what is it called when they took lesions from cadavers, emulsified them and then rubbed them into scarrified areas to prevent smallpox?

Back 3

variolation

Front 4

what was the problem with the treatment for smallpox around 1000 AD?

Back 4

still had 1-2% of people develop disease and die

Front 5

who noticed that a certain group of people did not develop smallpox and who was this group?

Back 5

Edward Jenner (1770s)

dairy farmers and their families

Front 6

T/F - cowpox virus and smallpox virus are antigenically similar viruses

Back 6

true

Front 7

what is another name for the cowpox virus?

Back 7

vaccinia virus

(vacca = latin for cow)

Front 8

"to reduce in virulence"

Back 8

attenuate

Front 9

what is the most common vaccine type currently used in vet med?

Back 9

laboratory-attenuated (modified live)

Front 10

what is an example of a wild-type (virulent) virus vaccine?

Back 10

smallpox

Front 11

what is an example of an attenuated virus vaccine?

Back 11

cowpox vaccine

Front 12

what are some examples of modified live vaccines?

Back 12

rabies, canine distemper, canine parvo, feline herpies, feline calicivirus, human rotovirus

Front 13

flowchart for modified-live viruses

Back 13

1. passage in unnatural host

2. adaptive mutations

3. progressive adaptation to unnatural host cell with loss of adaptive/virulence for natural host

Front 14

describe formation of canine distemper vaccine

Back 14

*modified live vaccine

serially passage in ferrets = loss of virulence in dogs but 1% still got distemper

passage in embryonated chicken eggs lead to safe and effective vaccine

Front 15

name a temperature-sensitive virus

Back 15

equine influenza virus

*virus grown to replicate poorly at core body temp (cold-adapted)

Front 16

how do inactivated viruses work?

Back 16

1. virus propagated (make a lot of it)

2. virus inactivated (formalin, heat, uv light, etc.)

3. adjuvant added (stimulates immune response)

Front 17

"a chemical that stimulates immune response to antigen"

Back 17

adjuvant

Front 18

what are some examples of an inactivated viral vaccine?

Back 18

FeLV, FIV, rabies, canine coronovirus, equine influenza, canine parvovirus 2

Front 19

what is the goal of vaccination?

Back 19

to stimulate acquired immune responses that provide protected immunity

*induce B & T lymphocytes to differentiate and produce antigen specific IgG, IgA, cytotoxic T cells & corresponding populations of memory B & T lymphocytes

Front 20

where is IgG found?

where is IgA found?

Back 20

blood, lymph

mucosal surfaces

Front 21

what is the most important thing in determining which type of vaccine to use?

Back 21

pathogenesis (systemic vs. localized)

Front 22

which type of antibody is most important for:

1. systemic infections

2. localized infections

Back 22

1. IgG

2. IgA

Front 23

rotavirus & coronovirus are [systemic/localized] infections

Back 23

localized

Front 24

canine parvovirus 2 is a [systemic/localized] infection

Back 24

systemic

Front 25

protective immunity requirements of IgG

Back 25

*soluble viral antigens

- processed/presented in lymph nodes and/or spleen

*exogenous antigen

Front 26

protective immunity requirements of IgA

Back 26

*contact submucosal lymphoctyes

- MALT

Front 27

protective immunity requirements of cytotoxic T cells

Back 27

*infected cells

- viral antigens must be synthesized in infected cell & presented at cell surface by MHCI antigens

*endogenous antigen

Front 28

inactivated vaccines produce primarily _________ and provide protective immunity for ___________ infections

Back 28

IgG

systemic infections

Front 29

live vaccines produce primarily ___________ and provide protective immunity for ____________ infections

Back 29

IgG, IgA, cytotoxic T cells

systemic AND local

Front 30

what is different about vacccines for influenza virus and rotavirus?

Back 30

they have restricted tropism so they cannot replicate after injection and spread

Front 31

T/F IgG antibodies are readily transferable from blood to intestines but much less so from blood to lungs

Back 31

False

IgG transfers most readily to lungs, then nasal passages, then intestines

Front 32

advantages of live viral vaccines

Back 32

- require single dose (self-amplifying)

- stimulate protective immunity comparable with natural infection

Front 33

disadvantages of live viral vaccines

Back 33

- may cause disease

- possible reversion to virulence (mutation)

- unstable (can be inactivated)

- adverse reactions (anaphylaxis, autoimmune)

Front 34

advantages of inactivated viral vaccines

Back 34

- safe

- stable

Front 35

disadvantages of inactivated viral vaccines

Back 35

- multiple doses usually required

- poor stimulators of IgA & cytotoxic T cells

- adverse reactions (injection-site fibrosarcomas)

Front 36

_____________ is the principal concern with live virus vaccines, while ___________ is the principal concern with inactivated virus vaccines

Back 36

safety

efficacy

Front 37

what are the 3 main types of recombinant DNA technology vaccines?

Back 37

1. recombinant DNA-subunit vaccines

2. gene-deleted vaccines

3. virus-vectored vaccines

Front 38

3 advantages of recombinant DNA technology for making vaccines

Back 38

1. safe AND effective

2. useful for viruses that cannot be propagated outside animal host (hepB; rota; papilloma)

3. allow differentiation of vaccinated vs. naturally-infected animals

Front 39

in recombinant DNA-derived vaccines, genetic materials are manipulated via _______________

Back 39

restriction endonucleases

Front 40

what is important about restriction endonucleases?

Back 40

they cleave a specific sequence of DNA

Front 41

T/F - recombinant DNA-derived vaccines provides antiviral immunity and protective antigens

Back 41

true

Front 42

"viral proteins that stimulate protective immunity responses"

Back 42

protective antigens

Front 43

T/F - not all protective antigens are surface proteins

Back 43

false - they ALL are

Front 44

what is the protective antigen in the rabies virus?

Back 44

G protein

Front 45

what is the protective antigen in feline lukemia virus?

Back 45

gp70

Front 46

"to carry or transport"

Back 46

vector

Front 47

what do recombinant DNA subunit vaccines utilize in vaccines?

Back 47

plasmids

Front 48

what is the process for making recombinant DNA subunit vaccines?

Back 48

1. foreign gene inserted into plasmid

2. recombinant plasmid introduced into E. coli

3. expression of plasmid genes + specific protective antigen protein + adjuvant

Front 49

which type of immune response do you get from recombinant DNA subunit vaccines?

Back 49

IgG

Front 50

"not required for virus replication in host cells"

Back 50

nonessential gene

Front 51

how do gene-deleted virus vaccines work?

Back 51

take away nonessential genes that are virulent so that you can make live vaccines but there is no chance for virulence

*safe AND effective

Front 52

explain gene-deleted virus vaccine for pseudorabies

Back 52

- thymidine kinase = virulent & nonessential

- several surface genes code for attachment proteins

- vaccine TK-/gpE- is avirulent due to removal of thymidine kinase

- also removed nonessential attachment protein gpE so they could differentiate vaccinated vs naturally infected animals

Front 53

what are the methods for eradicating pseudorabies from a herd?

Back 53

1. depopulation/repopulation

2. gene-deleted vaccines with test and removal program

*remove pigs with gpE antibody because those are the naturally infected ones

Front 54

describe virus-vectored vaccines

Back 54

- gene coding protective antigen is inserted into genome of a virus (vector)

- altered virus replicates in inoculated host: expresses vector genes & protective antigen gene

- antigen presentation leads to IgG, IgA, cytotoxic T cells

Front 55

what are the requirements for a virus-vectored vaccine viral vector?

Back 55

1. large genome with non-essential genes

2. infectious for intended species

3. safe for intended species

Front 56

what are some viral vectors used for virus-vector vaccines?

Back 56

poxvirus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, togavirus, retravirus

Front 57

is vaccinia virus a useful vector for virus-vector vaccines?

Back 57

Good: wide host range, large genome

Bad: not safe for humans

Front 58

what is the only vaccinia-vectored vaccine in use?

Back 58

vaccinia vectored rabies G protein vaccine

- gene coding rabies G protein inserted into DNA

- expressed during vaccinia virus replication

- marketed by merial

Front 59

what is a safe alternative to vaccinia virus for virus-vectored vaccines?

Back 59

canary poxvirus

- avian poxviruses produce nonproductive infection in mammals (do NOT assemble)

- does NOT require adjuvant

Front 60

advantages of canary poxvirus-vectored vaccines

Back 60

1. no lesion

2. no virus shedding

3. no adjuvant

Front 61

examples of virus-vectored vaccines being used

Back 61

1. vaccinia + rabies G protein - wildlife

2. canary poxvirus + rabies G protein - cats

3. canary poxvirus + feline lukemia virus - cats

4. canary poxvirus + west nile virus - horses

Front 62

general characteristics of picornaviridae virus family

Back 62

1. non-enveloped

2. single stranded RNA

Front 63

pathogenesis for picornavirdae viruses

Back 63

1. oral exposure

2. replication in intestinal epithelia, lymphoid tissue

3. viremia

4. spread to either brain & spinal grey matter (polioencephalomyelitis) or skin (vesicular lesions)

Front 64

family and genre of Porcine teschen virus 1

Back 64

picornaviride, teschovirus

Front 65

describe porcine teschen virus 1

Back 65

1. Europe - highly virulent

- polioencephamyelitis, paralysis, high mortality

- inactivated & modified live vaccines

2. USA - less virulent

- harmless GI inhabitant

- no vaccination currently

Front 66

family and genre of avian encephalomyelitis virus

Back 66

picornaviridae, tremovirus

Front 67

describe avian encephalomyelitis virus

Back 67

- CNS disease in baby chicks

- rarely seen in adults (decreased egg production)

- transmitted by feces and eggborne

- controlled via vaccination of breeding flock

*attenuated vaccine given to adults but not safe for babies; maternal immunity passed to offspring

Front 68

what is the "epidemic tremor disease" in chicks?

Back 68

avian encephalomyelitis virus

Front 69

family and genus of duck/turkey hepatitis virus

Back 69

picornaviridae, avihepatovirus

Front 70

describe duck/turkey hepatitis virus

Back 70

- 1 serotype

- hepatitis/encephalitis in ducklings

- adults can harbor virus but not affected by it

- rapid transmission through clutch (100%)

- controlled via attenuated vaccine to breeding flock

Front 71

family and genus for swine vesicular disease enterovirus

Back 71

picornaviridae, enterovirus

Front 72

describe swine vesicular disease virus, type 9

Back 72

- occurs outside of the US

- vesicles

- excreted in feces

- recovered pigs immune; minor production loss

- can NOT distinguish it from FMDV

- stable at low pH, ambient temp, easily transmitted in meat (salami)

Front 73

why is it so important to keep swine vesicular disease virus, type 9 out of the US?

Back 73

you cannot distinguish it from FMDV

Front 74

progression of vesicular disease

Back 74

1. macule

2. papule

3. vesicle

4. pustule

5. ulcer

Front 75

family and genus of seneca valley virus

Back 75

picoranviridae, senecavirus

Front 76

describe seneca valley virus

Back 76

- oncolytic potential in humans

- vesicular disease

- several incidents in NC in 2012

- still very new virus

*resembles FMDV

Front 77

family and genus for equine rhinitis A virus

Back 77

picornaviridae, apthovirus

Front 78

describe equine rhinitis A virus

Back 78

- sporadic acute febrile respiratory outbreaks

- sub-clinical infections very common

- experimental infection establishes persistent infection

Front 79

pathogenesis of equine rhinitis A virus

Back 79

1. infects phyarnx

2. upper and lower airways

3. mild to severe respiratory disease

4. viremia - possibly kidney/bladder

Front 80

family and genus for foot and mouth disease

Back 80

picornaviridae, apthovirus

Front 81

FMDV - who does it affect?

Back 81

- cloven-footed animals

- cattle, sheep, swine, wild ruminants (deer)

- greatest losses in cattle and swine

- low mortality but HIGH morbidity

Front 82

FMDV - transmission

Back 82

***highly contagious

- spreads rapidly via aersol & saliva

- can spread great distances

- high titer droplets, very stable and short incubation period

- can be in meats, hide and milk

Front 83

FMDV - pathogenesis

Back 83

exposure - replication in epithelium (pharynx) - viremia

1-heart (muscle) --> rare

2-epithelia (mouth, muzzle, feet, teats, udder)

- vesicles & ulcers

Front 84

FMDV - viral excretion

Back 84

- begins 24 hours prior to clinical disease

- lasts several days to > month

- can persist in cattle for up to 2 years

> become carriers and can continue to spread the infection (debatable)

Front 85

serotype definition

Back 85

in vitro, antiserum which is neutralizing for one serotype is very much less neutralizing for another serotype

Front 86

subtype definition

Back 86

sufficiently different from each other to make immunity in vivo subtype specific and immunity lasts only about one year

Front 87

where is FMDV endemic?

Back 87

1. Africa, Asia

- inactivated vaccines specific to local strains

2. South America

- vaccinate in most countries

Front 88

where is FMDV low incidents?

Back 88

Continental Europe

- control by vaccination in some countries

Front 89

what parts of the world are FMDV free?

Back 89

North & Central America; Carribean; Australia; New Zealand; Scand

- no vaccinations

Front 90

impediments to successful vaccination programs for FMDV

Back 90

1. immunity is subtype specific

2. only lasts 1 year = expensive!

3. DIVA

- need to develop recombinant DNA vaccines

Front 91

why is FMDV your worst nightmare?

Back 91

1. HIGHLY contagious

2. DEBILITATING

3. Immunity:

- specific across 70 subtypes

- short-lived

- does not prevent "carrier" state

Front 92

how many serotypes and subgroups does FMDV have?

Back 92

7 serotypes

70 subgroups

Front 93

3 families of viruses that appear similar and regular in shape under electron microscopy

what are their physical characteristics?

Back 93

1. togaviridae

2. arteriviridae

3. flaviviridae

RNA genome; enveloped

Front 94

3 viruses in family togaviridae

Back 94

1. eastern equine encephalitis

2. western equine encephalitis

3. venezuelan equine encephalitis

Front 95

are EEE, WEE and VEE zoonotic?

Back 95

yes

- humans, equines, most exotic avian species

Front 96

how are EEE, WEE & VEE transmitted?

Back 96

mosquitoes

Front 97

describe EEE/WEE transmission

Back 97

enzootic cycle: birds (preferred)

epizootic: exotic birds

dead-end: humans, equine

Front 98

describe VEE transmission

Back 98

enzootic cycle: rodents

epizootic: equine

dead-end: humans

Front 99

pathogenesis of EEE/WEE/ZEE

Back 99

1. local replication

2. systemic spread

3. lymphoid & other organs

4. viremia

5. +/- CNS invasion/encephalitis

Front 100

clinical signs of EEE/WEE/ZEE

Back 100

- fever

- anorexia

- neurologic signs

> severe depression, wide stance, dropping head

- death

Front 101

rank EEE, WEE and ZEE in order of mortality rate

Back 101

1. EEE

2. VEE

3. WEE

Front 102

what is the sentinel program?

Back 102

chickens are sent out to a variety of locations and checked periodically for antibodies to specific viruses

they are resistant to the viruses so can alert the presence of the virus via their blood without getting sick themselves

Front 103

how do we control EEE/WEE/VEE?

Back 103

1. vaccinate

- killed bivalent/trivalent in spring

- modified-live VEE vaccine

- canarypox cevtored vaccine

2. outbreaks

- restrict mvmt; pesticide spray; vaccinate

Front 104

name 2 viruses in arteriviridae family

Back 104

1. equine arteritis virus

2. porcine respiratory & reproductive syndrome (PRRS)

Front 105

how are arteriviridae viruses transmitted?

Back 105

aerosol or venereal

Front 106

pathogenesis of equine arteritis virus

Back 106

1. infects macrophages in lungs

2. spread to lymph nodes

3. viremia

4. infects endothelial cells in small artery walls

5. infects epithelium of seminiferous tubules

*persistent shedding

Front 107

clinical signs of equine arteritis virus

Back 107

- most infections are sub-clinical

- mild to moderate disease

> fever, depression, anorexia, edema of limbs, genitalia & abdomen, nasal & lacrimal discharge

- **ABORTION

Front 108

how do we control equine arteritis virus?

Back 108

- modified-live vaccine

> vaccinate breeding animals

- current programs in NY & KY to vaccinate stallions and test for carrier status

Front 109

what is the "blue ears" virus?

Back 109

porcine respiratory & reproductive syndrome (PRRS)

Front 110

pathogenesis of porcine respiratory & reproductive syndrome

Back 110

1. infects lung macrophages

2. viremia

3. spreads to other tissues including bulbourethral gland in boar

*persistently shed

Front 111

clinical signs for porcine respiratory & reproductive syndrome

Back 111

- mostly subclinical

- mild to moderate disease

> fever, anorexia, respiratory disease, secondary bacterial disease (pneumonia)

- *ABORTIONS & STILLBIRTHS

Front 112

how do we control porcine respiratory & reproductive syndrome?

Back 112

- inactivated and live vaccines

- don't seem to be very effective, possibly because of antigenic variations between strains

Front 113

2 types of flaviviridae viruses

Back 113

1. pestiviriuses

2. flaviviruses

Front 114

3 kinds of pestiviruses

(what family are these in?)

Back 114

1. bovine virus diarrhea virus (type 1 & 2)

2. classic swine fever virus (hog cholera)

3. border disease

(flaviviridae)

Front 115

bovine virus diarrhea - disease "flowchart"

Back 115

1. types

- type 1 or type 2

2. disease syndromes

- acute: bovine virus diarrhea

- persistent: mucosal disease

3. viral biotypes

- non-cytopathic (normal)

- cytopathic (mutant that can arise)

Front 116

bovine virus diarrhea - acute infection - pathogenesis

Back 116

1. oronasal uptake of infectious secretions

2. local mucosal infection (nasal/ocular discharge, salivation, stomatitis)

3. spread to lymphoid tissue (immune suppression - shipping fever)

4. spreads to GI epithelium (explosive D+)

Front 117

describe bovine virus diarrhea infection in a pregnant cow: cytopathic biotype

Back 117

1. early - mid gestation

> abortion, mummification, congenital defects

2. mid - late gestation

> normal, healthy calf

> immune system has developed enough to clear the infection

Front 118

describe bovine virus diarrhea infection in a pregnant cow: non-cytopathic biotype

Back 118

1. less than 3 months gestation

> immune tolerance & persistant infection

> seen as "self"

> calf born healthy but shedding virus

2. over 3 months gestation

> viral clearance

> immune response develops to clear infection

Front 119

how do cows acquire mucosal disease?

Back 119

bovine virus diarrhea - persistent non-cytopathic

- 100% fatal

1. mutation of non-cytopathic biotype

2. infection of cytopathic biotype from envmt

Front 120

describe mucosal disease - clinical signs

Back 120

- severe disease

> fever, ulceration of intestines & mouth, diarrhea with blood, anorexia, nasal discharge

- death in 1-3 weeks

Front 121

how do we control bovine virus diarrhea?

Back 121

- difficult due to persistently infected animals

- inactivated & modified-live vaccines

- slaughter persistently infected animals but they are hard to identify because they have little or no antibody to the virus

Front 122

what is the new name for hog cholera?

Back 122

classic swine fever

Front 123

describe classic swine fever

Back 123

- worldwide but eradicated from US in 1960s

- endothelial damage

- petechia, thrombosis & hemorrhage

- "button ulcers" in GI

- huge economic threat

-1998 outbreak in Netherlands

- uncooked pork import is big threat

Front 124

"hairy shaker lamb" syndrome

Back 124

border disease

Front 125

describe border disease

Back 125

- infects sheep & goats

- transmission & pathogenesis similar to BVD

- fetal infection less than 2 mo gestation

- signs due to poor growth & CNS infection

Front 126

family and genus of west nile virus

Back 126

flaviviridae, flavivirus

Front 127

where and when did west nile virus start?

Back 127

1999 - exotic bird deaths in the bronx zoo

Front 128

describe transmission of west nile virus

Back 128

enzootic: birds

epizootic: crows & bluejays

dead-end: humans & equine

Front 129

how do we control west nile virus?

Back 129

- killed vaccine available (yearly)

> may not provide protective immunity for entire mosquito season

- recombinant canary-pox virus vaccine (2005)

Front 130

what family is "true" mucous viruses?

Back 130

orthomyxoviridae

Front 131

what family is "other" mucous viruses?

Back 131

paramyxoviridae

Front 132

family of flu virus

what is the only one that affects animals?

Back 132

orthomyxoviridae

influenza A

Front 133

who does influenza A infect

Back 133

- primarily avian species

- humans

- swine

- equine

- marine mammals

- dogs

- cats

Front 134

describe traits of the influenza virus

Back 134

- enveloped

- single stranded RNA

- 8 segments of RNA "mini genes"

- 2 envelope proteins

Front 135

2 envelope proteins on influenza virus

which one is responsible for attachment?

how many antigenic strains are there of each?

Back 135

1. hemagglutinin - H *attachment - 17 types

2. neuraminidase - N - 10 types

Front 136

nomenclature for classifying influenza viruses

Back 136

strain/species it affects/geographic origin of strain/strain #/year it was isolated

A/duck/Alberta/35/76

Front 137

point mutations are associated with ______________ of influenza viruses

resassortment is associated with ________________ of influenza viruses

Back 137

antigenic drift

antigenic shift

Front 138

describe antigenic drift of influenza viruses

Back 138

- slow

- mutations in enveloped proteins

- allows escape from immune system

(H3N2 this year)

Front 139

describe antigenic shift of influenza virus

Back 139

- MUST have segmented genome

- new antigenic type is created by rare dual infection

- does not occur very often

- sudden and higher morbidity/mortality

- pandemic instead of endemic

Front 140

2 receptor types of influenza virus

Back 140

1. avian

2. mammalian

Front 141

which receptor type (and where) are present in:

avian - swine - human

Back 141

avian - avian

swine - avian & mammalian in URT

humans - avian in LRT; mammalian in URT

Front 142

pathogenesis of equine & swine influenza

Back 142

- local respiratory infection

- fever, cough, nasal/ocular discharge, anorexia

- secondary bacterial infections

> bronchopneumonia

Front 143

which strand of influenza do cats seem to be susceptible to?

Back 143

avian H5N1

Front 144

which strand of influenza are dogs susceptible to?

Back 144

equine H3N8

Front 145

where did the "new" H1N1 originate in 2009?

Back 145

Mexico

Front 146

pathogenesis of influenza in birds

Back 146

- subclinical infection in waterfowl

- avirulent strains in domestic birds

- local infection in respiratory & GI tracts

Front 147

which influenza virus strain produces a severe systemic disease in birds?

what is the name for this?

Back 147

H5 and H7 viruses

fowl plague

Front 148

how is influenza virus transmitted?

Back 148

- aerosolized respiratory secretions

- avians can shed in feces without any clinical signs in the actual bird

Front 149

how is influenza virus controlled in equine? swine? avian?

Back 149

- frequent vaccination for high risk pop.

- inactivated H3/N8 (H7/N7 in older vx)

- quarantine in outbreak

Front 150

how is influenza virus controlled in swine?

Back 150

- no routine vaccination

- vaccinate when there is an outbreak

Front 151

how is influenza virus controlled in avians?

Back 151

- quarantine and eradication if there is an outbreak of disease

- limit contact with wild birds

Front 152

examples of paramyxoviruses

Back 152

- canine distemper

- newcastle disease

- canine parainfluenza virus

- parainfluenza III

- bovine respiratory syncytial virus

- rinderpest

Front 153

transmission of paramyxoviruses

Back 153

respiratory route via aerosolized secretions

Front 154

what species are affected by canine distemper virus?

Back 154

- dogs

- wild canids

- skunks

- racoons

Front 155

canine distemper pathogensis

Back 155

- infects macrophages of oropharynx

- primary viremia: spread to lymphoid tissues

- secondary viremia: infects respiratory, GI, urogenital epithelium, skin & CNS

Front 156

canine distemper virus outcome with healthy immune response

Back 156

excellent immune response - subclinical infection

- can still invade CNS

- rarely seen 2-8 years later as "old dog encephalitis"

Front 157

canine distemper virus outcome with moderate immune response

Back 157

mild illness

- virus persists in CNS

- neurologic signs +/- death 4-9 weeks later

*difficult to diagnose

Front 158

canine distemper virus outcome with poor immune response

Back 158

severe disease and death

Front 159

how do we control canine distemper virus?

Back 159

modified live vaccine

- add human measles to early vaccine to generate immune response better

Front 160

describe caliciviridae

Back 160

non-enveloped

single-stranded RNA

Front 161

4 genre in calciciviridae

Back 161

1. vesivirus

2. lagovirus

3. norovirus

4. sapovirus

Front 162

3 vesivirus diseases

Back 162

1. vesicular exanthema of swine

2. san miguel sea lion virus

3. feline calicivirus

Front 163

family and genus of vesicular exanthema of swine

Back 163

caliciviridae, vesivirus

Front 164

what is the most important reason to worry about vesicular exanthema of swine?

Back 164

resemblance to FMDV

Front 165

describe vesicular exanthema of swine

Back 165

- vesicular disease (like FMDV)

- currently "foreign animal disease"

- isolated in sea lions in 1972 (san miguel)

Front 166

describe host range in vesiviruses

Back 166

*broad host range

- single strain has successfully infected 21 animal hosts

- has been eliminated from swine population but still endemic in ocean species, some livestock and cats

Front 167

family and genus of san miguel sea lion virus

Back 167

caliciviridae, vesivirus

Front 168

what disease did san miguel sea lion virus appear to be the same as?

Back 168

vesicular exanthema of swine

Front 169

family and genus of feline calicivirus

Back 169

caliciviridae, vesivirus

Front 170

what are the 2 major causes of feline respiratory disease?

Back 170

1. feline calicivirus

2. feline herpesvirus 1

Front 171

how is feline calicivirus transmitted?

Back 171

aerosol, fomites, human handlers

Front 172

clinical signs of feline calicivirus

Back 172

- depend on cat breed, age, strain, etc.

- conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, tounge/ocular lesions

- vary from subclinical to pneumonia

- high morbidity/mortality in kittens

Front 173

describe viral shedding in feline calicivirus

Back 173

*recovered cats are immune but may shed for life (increases with stress)

- persistant, intermittent, or resistant to disease (no shedding)

*tremendous opportunity for evolution

Front 174

what is virulent systemic disease?

Back 174

- a variant of feline calicivirus

- subclinical to pneumonia & death

- edema & sores of feet and face

*vaccinated cats were susceptible!

Front 175

how do we control feline calicivirus?

Back 175

- modified-live or inactivated vaccine (FVRCP)

- both types of vaccines provide the same protection

*does not protect against ALL strains

Front 176

what is the persistence of feline calicivirus?

Back 176

continuous shedding, re-infection: great evolution

Front 177

what are the variants of feline calicivirus?

Back 177

spontaneous virulent systemic disease variant(s)

Front 178

family and genus of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

Back 178

caliciviridae, lagovirus

Front 179

describe rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

Back 179

- identified in China (1984)

- sudden death within 1 day of fever

- hemorrhagic lesions (liver/lung)

- young rabbits resistant

- used as population control in Australia

Front 180

family and genus of feline norovirus

Back 180

caliciviridae, norovirus

Front 181

characteristics of reoviridae

Back 181

- non-enveloped

- double-stranded RNA

- segmented

Front 182

5 genre of reoviridae

Back 182

1. reovirus

2. rotovirus

3. orbivirus

4. coltivirus

5. aquareovirus

Front 183

how are reoviridae viruses like influenza?

Back 183

*segmented genome allows reassortment between viruses

- only in same genus

- new viral disease emerge

- not as big of a problem with reoviridae

Front 184

transmission/pathogenesis of rioviridae

Back 184

1. reo/roto

- stable at low pH - oral entry - enteric infection

- proteolytic activation

2. orbi/colti

- not stable at low pH - blood entry - systemic infection

- no proteolytic activation

Front 185

family and genus of avian viral arthritis virus

Back 185

reoviridae, reovirus

Front 186

how many serotypes are there of avian viral arthritis virus?

how many cause disease?

Back 186

5

4 - viral arthritis in chickens

Front 187

pathogenesis of avian viral arthritis virus

Back 187

- enters via oral/tracheal/nasal

- generalized infection (5-7wk old)

- main damage to synovial membrane & tendon sheaths

- high morbidity; low mortality

- disease 2 wks; virus persists 30 days

- can be found in eggs

Front 188

how do we control avian viral arthritis virus?

Back 188

- vaccines in problem areas only

- immunize breeder flocks

- modified-live vaccine (SQ or drinking water)

Front 189

family and genus of porcine and bovine rotaviruses

Back 189

reoviridae, rotavirus

Front 190

pathogenesis of porcine and bovine rotaviruses

Back 190

- orally - stomach - intestine

- infects epithelial cells in absorptive portion of villus (NOT crypt cells)

- D+ & milk scours

- secondary infections make D+ more severe

Front 191

immunity for porcine and bovine rotaviruses

Back 191

- resistance mediated by local immunity

> epithelial surface of small intestine (IgA)

- colostrum protection is typically not enough

Front 192

how do we control porcine and bovine rotaviruses?

Back 192

- modified live vaccine

- inactivated vaccines in dam

- less practical: feed susceptible neonates high titer immune colustrum

Front 193

family and genus of african horse sickness virus

Back 193

reoviridae, orbivirus

Front 194

why do we care about african horse sickness virus?

Back 194

*never been seen in western hemisphere

- most important and lethal disease of horses other than EEE & VEE

- restricts importations of horses

Front 195

transmission of african horse sickness virus

Back 195

- NOT directly transmissible from horse-horse

- culicoides

> virus replicates in them

- animals less susceptible may serve as reservoir

Front 196

pathogenesis of african horse sickness virus

Back 196

- replication in local lymph node

- transient primary viremia

- infection of other lymphoid tissues

- secondary viremia

- mechanism unknown

*vasculitis

Front 197

describe the 2 disease forms of african horse sickness virus

Back 197

1. acute

- highly virulent strain or naive horse

- pulmonary edema; death via drowning

2. chronic

- poorly virulent strain or previously exposed or genetically resistant

- edema of head, neck shoulder; heart lesions

*typically see combination of both forms

Front 198

describe immunity to african horse sickness virus

Back 198

- 9 serotypes

- immunity to one doesn't preclude infection from another

- second infection tends to be less severe/chronic

Front 199

how do we control african horse sickness virus?

Back 199

- control culicoides

> pesticide sprays

- south africa has a modified live vaccine with all 9 serotypes

Front 200

family and genus for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus

Back 200

reoviridae, orbivirus

Front 201

describe epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus?

Back 201

- infects ruminants worldwide

> white-tail deer are most susceptible

- spread by culicoides

- most infections mild or sub-clinical

- indistinguishable from bluetongue virus

Front 202

family and genus of bluetongue virus

Back 202

reoviridae, orbivirus

Front 203

what species is most affected by bluetonge virus?

Back 203

*sheep

- also infects cattle & goats

- death loss mostly in lambs

- significant & loss due to export bans

Front 204

pathogenesis of bluetongue disease

Back 204

- culicoides bite - regional lymph nodes - blood - vascular endothelial cells

- major lesions in upper GI mouth

- cyanosis of tongue

- lesions in coronary band and btwn toes

- can cause intrauterine infection

*host remains viremic long after recovery

Front 205

how is bluetongue virus transmitted?

Back 205

- culicoides bites

- NOT transmitted in animal products

Front 206

how do we control bluetongue virus?

Back 206

- control culicoides (pesticide spray)

- modified-live vaccines available in US for 3 serotypes

- use only in sheep where there is a bigger problem

Front 207

what are the target cells and disease of rotaviruses?

Back 207

mature villus epithelium --> repopulation by crypt cells --> D+ & milk scours

Front 208

how does climate affect orbiviruses?

Back 208

they are spread by culicoides so once it is cold enough for them to go away, the virus is no longer able to spread

Front 209

what is the impact of viremia in bluetongue virus?

Back 209

prolonged viremia facilitates spread

Front 210

characteristics of birnaviridae

Back 210

- noneveloped

- double-stranded RNA

- 2 segments

Front 211

3 pathogens of birnaviridae family

Back 211

1. infectious bursal disease virus

2. chicken proventricular necrosis virus

3. infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Front 212

describe infectious pancreatic necrosis virus

Back 212

*highly contagious, lethal disease of salmonid fish reared in hatcheries

- subclinical in pike, carp and barbels

- subclinical in older fish

- swollen abdomen, bulging eyes, cutaneous hemorrhages, frantically whirl, lie on bottom

- survivors are lifelong carriers

- spread in feces, eggs, sperm

- no vaccine - rely on water disinfection

Front 213

family of infectious bursal disease virus

Back 213

birnaviridae

Front 214

pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease virus

Back 214

- 3-6 wk old chicks most susceptible

- oral entry; replication in gut-associated macrophages & lymphoid cells

- enteric infection = D+ = death of dehydration

- primary viremia = bursal l.n. = compromised immune system

- secondary viremia = kidneys = immune complex disease

Front 215

immunity for infectious bursal disease virus

Back 215

- maternal antibodies for 1-2 weeks

- very young chicks can develop immunity without disease

Front 216

how is infectious bursal disease virus transmitted?

Back 216

direct and indirect contact

*highly contagious

Front 217

how do we control infectious bursal disease?

Back 217

- natural immunity in young chicks

- modified-live or inactivated vx (SQ/water)

- antibody-coated virus injected into eggs

> requires exact antibody, virus ratio, timing, etc

Front 218

what virus did Dr. Fuller and Dr. Guy discover?

Back 218

chicken proventricular necrosis virus

- from transmissible viral proventriculitis

- enlargement of proventriculus until it ruptured, usually at production, causing a lot of loss

Front 219

characteristics of coronoviridae

Back 219

- enveloped

- single-stranded RNA

Front 220

what kinds of diseases does coronoviridae cause?

Back 220

respiratory, GI and systemic

Front 221

why is antigenic cross-reactivity clinically important for coronoviridae viruses?

Back 221

- several viruses infect several species

*induce antibodies which may exacerbate disease

- some viruses are indistinguishable antigenically

*difficult to interpret serum antibody titers

Front 222

describe viral replication in coronaviruses

Back 222

- very long RNA genomes

- polymerase jumps during synthesis

- frequent recombination

*creates recombinant RNA = new viruses!

Front 223

why is recombination important in coronaviruses?

Back 223

1. frequent recombination generates new mixed genomes

2. results in frequent mutations

*many viruses may be recombinant or mutant forms derived from each other

Front 224

viral family of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)

Back 224

coronaviridae

Front 225

describe 2 forms of transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Back 225

* highly contagious enteric virus of swine

1. epizootic

- susceptible (nonimmune) herd

2. enzootic

- persistence of virus in herd due to continuous introduction of susceptible pigs

Front 226

pathogenesis of transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Back 226

- fecal-oral route

- can be shed for 10 weeks

- replicates in absorptive epithelial cells of small intestines

Front 227

determinants of prognosis for transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Back 227

adults: repopulate crypt cells; immune response

young: 2 possibilities:

1. epizootic - usually fatal

2. enzootic - usually low mortalityho

Front 228

how do we control transmissible gastroenteritis virus?

Back 228

- prevent introduction to herd

- local eradication

- vaccinate sows prior to farrowing

> modified live vx - only in previously infected pigs

> orally administer live virulent virus to sows

(natural or deliberate feedback)

Front 229

variants of transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Back 229

1. porcine resp.corona (PRCV) - Europe 1980s

- respiratory!

2. north america - same mutation, different strain

- PRCV is typically subclinical so now it can protect herds against TGEV

Front 230

family of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)

Back 230

coronoviridae

Front 231

what is special about porcine epidemic diarrhea?

Back 231

- not antigenically related to other coronaviruses

- causes acute D+ in pigs of all ages but typically older ones recover

- was foreign until 2013

Front 232

pathogenesis of porcine epidemic diarrhea

Back 232

- fecal/oral transmission

- short incubation period (12-24 hours)

- shed for 7-10 days

*problem with trucks spreading contamination

Front 233

describe canine coronavirus

Back 233

- similar to TGE in pigs

- all breeds/ages but young more susceptible

- ubiquitous

- no effective vaccine

- can infect cats

Front 234

what is important about feline enteric coronavirus?

Back 234

it mutates into feline infectious peritonitis virus

Front 235

2 biotypes of feline coronavirus

Back 235

1. feline enteric coronavirus

2. feline infectious peritonitis virus

*anitbodies are indistinguishable

Front 236

evolution of feline infectious peritonitis from feline enteric coronavirus

Back 236

1. epidemiology - geography of strain

2. mutation - analysis of natural infection

- mutate inside cat since FIP doesn't spread as well

3. tissue tropism - FIP is not as transmissible

Front 237

pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus

Back 237

3 possible forms:

1. effusion (wet) - peritoneal/pleural effusion

2. noneffusive (dry) - pyogranulomatous lesions in kidney, liver, CNS, eyes

3. combination of bothw

Front 238

what determines the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus?

Back 238

the immunity of the infected host and the virus mutation

Front 239

treatment for feline infectious peritonitis virus

Back 239

- purely palliative (no cure)

- treat cats otherwise healthy

- corticosteroids, antibiotics, nutrients, fluids

- potential for reactivation

- no vaccine