I&i

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Innate immunity

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nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.

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Complement system

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The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane.

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Phagocytosis

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process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. The phagocyte may be a free-living one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, or one of the body cells, such as a white blood cell.

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The Thymus

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The thymas is a specialised lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. The thymus is composed of two identical lives Nd is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the system.

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Toll-like Receptors (TLR)

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes.

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Toll Like receptors (TLR)

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A class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognise structurally conserved molecule derived from microbes

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Natural passive immunity

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A passive immunity acquired by the fetus or newborn from themother via the placental transfer of antibodies during pregnancy and via breastmilk. This type of immunity is short-lived, lasting the first six months of thenewborn's life.

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Adaptive immunity

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Adaptiveimmunity refers to antigen-specific immune response. Theadaptive immune response is more complex than the innate.

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Macrophages

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Macrophages are a type of white blood cell, of the immune system, that engulfsand digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, andanything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy bodycells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis.

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IgD

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Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a monomeric antibodyisotype that is expressed in the plasma membranes of immatureB-lymphocytes. IgD is also produced in asecreted form that is found in small amounts in blood serum.

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Bone marrow

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Bonemarrow is soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the medullarycavities, the centers of bones. The two types of bone marrow are red bonemarrow, known as myeloid tissue, and yellow bone marrow, or fatty tissue.

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Virus

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an infective agent that typically consists of anucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by lightmicroscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.

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Exotoxin

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a toxin released by aliving bacterial cell into its surroundings.

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in vitro

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In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies areperformed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside theirnormal biological context. E.g. in a lab

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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

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Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)are defined asthe lowestconcentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit thevisible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation

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Disinfection

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the process of cleaning something, especially with a chemical, in orderto destroy bacteria.

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Lymphocytes

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A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell thatis part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cellsand T cells.

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IgM

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Immunoglobulin M is one of several forms ofantibody that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody, and itis the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to anantigen

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Humoral immunity

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Immunity involving the transformation ofB-lymphocytes into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to aspecific antigen.

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Antibody

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Antibody, also called immunoglobulin, aprotective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence ofa foreign substance, called an antigen.

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Peyer’s patches

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Peyer's patches are small masses oflymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the smallintestine.

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Antigen

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a toxin or other foreign substance which inducesan immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

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B cell clonal deletion

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Clonal deletion is the removal through apoptosisof B cells and T cells that have expressed receptors for self before developinginto fully immunocompetent lymphocytes.

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Sepsis

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Sepsis isa life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infectioncauses injury to its own tissues and organs.