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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?
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Basophils and Mast Cells, Eosinophils, B and T lymphocytes, monocytes/dendritic cells
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Where are B cells and T cells produced?
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Bone Marrow
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What is it called when B cells and T cells travel from one lymph node to another and to and from the spleen?
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trafficking or homing
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What are the 2 arms to adaptive immunity?
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Cell-mediated (cytotoxic T cells) and humoral immunity (antibodies)
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What is an epitope of the antigen bound to in AI?
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MHC class 2 molecule and present to helper T cell
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After an antigen is present to a helper T cell in AI, what does the helper T cell do?
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Produce cytokines to stimulate the activation cytotoxic T cells and B cells
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How do immature T cells know where to go?
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They recognize selectins on the thymus
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T cells mature in the thymus to become what?
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CD4 Helper T cells or CD8 cytotoxic T cells
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T cells must recognize MHC class 1 or 2 in order to be stimulated to mature (self-restricted)
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Positive Selection
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T cells that recognize self-antigens bound to MHC class 1 or 3 on thympus epithelial cells are driven to apoptose
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Negative selection
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A mature T cell can leave the thymus if....
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it is tolerant to selft antigens and are self-MHC restricted
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Where do mature T cells from the thymus go?
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Spleen or lymph nodes
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Macrophages and dendritic cells produce important what that activate T and B cells?
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cytokines and lymphokines
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Antigens are presented as what by an antigen-presenting molecule?
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peptides (epitopes)
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The antigen presenting molecule in a mouse ____ and human _____
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MHC and HLA
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AKA antigenic determinants
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epitope
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regions on an antigen that can be recognized by an antibody or by T cell receptor
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Epitope
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Antigens that are synthesized within a cell
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HLA Class 1
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What type of antigens are presented in HLA Class 1?
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those that are synthesized within a cell, self-antigens or antigens form cell infection
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What recognizes HLA class 1 presentation?
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CD8 Cytotoxic T cells (ate)
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What recognizes HLA class 2 presentation?
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CD4 helper T cells (4 something, to help)
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Responsible for graft rejection
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HLA Class 1
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What type of antigens are presented by HLA class 2?
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Those that are products of phagocytosis
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What cells express HLA class 1?
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All cells except RBCs
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What cells express HLA Class 2?
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Monocytes/macrophages, Dendritic cells, B cells, Epithelial cells of thymus
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One unique alpha chain plu common beta chain (beta2 microglobulin)
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Class 1 HLA
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Expresses endogenous antigens
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Class 1 HLA
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What recognizes Class 1 HLA?
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Cytotoxic T cells
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Importnat for killing virus infected cells and for tumor surveillance
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HLA Class 1
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Mediates transplant rejection
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HLA Class 1
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2 unique chains: alpha chain plus Beta chain
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HLA Class 2
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Expresses exogenous antigens
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HLA Class 2
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What recognizes HLA Class 2?
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Helper T cells to trigger adaptive immunity
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Smaller epitopes
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HLA Class 1 (Single protein)
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Larger epitopes
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HLA Class 2 (2 proteins)
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Name 2 subsets of T Lymphocytes
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CD4 helper T cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cells
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Activators of both vell-mediated and humoral immunity
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CD4
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Effectors of cell-mediated immunity that are HLA-restricted
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CD8 cytotoxic
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Conformational compliment to epitope
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Paratope
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All T cells express what?
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CD3
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What does B7-1 or B7-2 do?
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On the antigen presenting cells and binds to T-cell surface, thus activating HTCells
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CD2 binding to LFA-3 and ICAM binding to LFA-1 will do what?
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activate HTCells
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What do cytokines do to TCells?
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Activate HTCells
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Name 2 general cytokine activators of HTC?
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IL-2 and IL-15
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What will drive HTC to TH1?
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IL-12 and IFN-gamma
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What will drive HTC to TH2?
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IL-4 cytokine
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What down-regulates TH1?
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IL-10
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What down regulates TH1 and TH2?
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TGF-b
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What produce cytokines?
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Macrophage or dendritic cells
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What activates TH1?
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IL-1 and IL-12
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What activates TH2?
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IL-1
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What do TH1 cells produce?
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IL-2, IFN-gamma
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What do TH2 cells produce?
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IL4-6, 9,10,13
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What do TH1 cells activate?
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Cytotoxic T cells
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What do TH2 cells activate?
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B cells to become plasma cells
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What do CD4 TRegs produce?
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IL-10 (DR TH1) and TGF-b (DR TH1 and TH2)
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What are the 3 ways in which a Cytotoxic T cell kills?
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FAS-FAS ligand interaction, TNF-->Perforin, and Granzymes
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What express CD19, CD20, CD22 on their curface?
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B cells
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What type of mutations do B cells undergo as they differentiate?
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Somatic cell mutations
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Where is the paratope of an antibody?
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Hypervariable region
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Part of the antigen that binds to antibody
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Epitope
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Part of antibody that binds antigen
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Paratope
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Unique antigen-binding site on each antibody; antibodies with the same antigen binding sites
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Idiotype
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Antibodies with different types of Fc regions
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Isotypes
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Monomeric Ig that is most abundant Ig in blood and important for memory response
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IgG
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membrane associated Ig that is found on mature but unactivated B cells
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IgD
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First secreted Ig made
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IgM
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Ig associated with mast cells and absophils, mediator of allergic reactions
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IgE
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Dimeric Ig that is associated with J chain and secretory component; most important secretory Ig
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IgA
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What B cell deficiency would give you constant URI and UTI infections?
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IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies
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What causes SCID?
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T Cell immunodeficency (lack of IL-7)
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What causes purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
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T Cell ID
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What causes MHC Class 2 deficiency?
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No helpher T cells
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What causes DiGeorge's syndrome?
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Congenital Thymic aplasia
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What causes Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome?
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Cytotoxic T cell malfunction, few platelets
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What causes Ataxia-telangiectasia?
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T cell deficiency (wobbly gait)
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Lack of GM-CSF?
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Congenital neutrophenia
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Unable to produce NADPH by the PPP = buildup of reduced glutatione
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G6PD deficiency
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Inability to produce H202 and hypocholorous acid?
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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Lack of integrin subunit, the common beta chain?
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LAD
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Reduced ability to remove immunocomplexes
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Complement Defects
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Defect in LYST, a lysosomal trafficking gene?
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Chediak-Higashi
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What HS causes allergy?
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1
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What is HS1 mediated by?
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IgE bound to mast cells and basophils
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In which HS are PG and leukotrienes released?
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1
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What type of HS causes complement activation?
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2
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What type of HS is myasthenia gravis?
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2
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What type of HS is Goodpasture's syndrome?
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2
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What type of HS causes immune complex disease?
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3
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What type of HS is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis or autoimmunities?
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3
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What type of HS is cell-mediated caused by activated CD4 cells?
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4
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What type of HS is a contact hypersensitivity?
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4
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What type of HS is Tuberculin reaction?
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4
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What type of HS is granulomatous HS?
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4
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What type of HS is Crohn's disease?
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4
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Tolerance that is established in mature T and B cells
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peripheral
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Name 3 possible mechanisms of peripheral tolerance
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1. Clonal exhaustion
2. Clonal anergy 3. Regulatory T cells |
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What form of tolerance is there no cytokine or B7?
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Clonal anergy
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What form of tolerance are there no cytokines?
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Clonal exhaustion
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What form of tolerance are there CD4/CD25 cells that actively supress a response through IL-10 and TGF-b?
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Regulatory T cells (Tregs)
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