Ihi Sect 3 And 4

Front 1

blot clot

Back 1

extravascular blood coagulum or post mortem intravascular coagulum

Front 2

cor pulmonale

Back 2

acute strain or hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by a disorder of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels

Front 3

D-dimer test

Back 3

identifies the presence of d-dimer, a degradation product of cross-linked fibrin, as an indicator of active fibrinolysis

Front 4

Ecchymosis

Back 4

hemorrhage larger than 1.0 cm that appears in soft tissue or skin due to trauma

Front 5

embolus

Back 5

a mass that travels through the bloodstream and lodges so as to obstruct or occlude a blood vessel; can be a thromboembolus or any material that can gain access to the circulation

Front 6

epistaxis

Back 6

a nosebleed

Front 7

fibrin

Back 7

an insolubule protein that creates a network of interlacing fibers that traps platelets and blood cells to form a fibrin plug

Front 8

fibrinogen

Back 8

inactive, solubule form of fibrin that can be found in circulating blood, produced in the liver

Front 9

fibrinolysis

Back 9

the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin by plasmin

Front 10

hemarthrosis

Back 10

accumulation of blood in a joint or joint cavity

Front 11

hematemesis

Back 11

vomiting of blood

Front 12

hematochezia

Back 12

bright red blood in the stool indicating a lower GI tract bleeding disorder such as hemorrhoids

Front 13

hematoma

Back 13

extravascular blood coagulum

Front 14

hemoptysis

Back 14

coughing up blood from the lungs

Front 15

infarction

Back 15

process of tissue necrosis secondary to abrupt hypoxia/anoxia; liquefactive necrosis occurs in brain tissue and coagulative necrosis occurs everywhere else

Front 16

melena

Back 16

dark “tarry” blood in the stool indicating an upper GI tract bleeding disorder

Front 17

paradoxic embolus

Back 17

– a venous embolus that gains access into the systemic circulation through a right-to-left shunt in the heart

Front 18

petechia

Back 18

pinpoint-sized hemorrhage that usually occurs in clusters; due to thrombocytopenia or endothelial cell injury

Front 19

plasmin

Back 19

the active form of plasminogen, a protein produced in the liver that is activated by urokinase and tPA; cleaves fibrinogen and fibrin into split products in thrombolysis

Front 20

purpura

Back 20

hemorrhage smaller than 1.0 cm usually due to vascular disorders

Front 21

recanalization

Back 21

he restoration of the lumen of a blood vessel following thrombotic occlusion due to a combination of fibrinolytic activity and endothelial proliferation

Front 22

saddle embolus

Back 22

a large pulmonary embolus that saddles the pulmonary trunk as it divides into the right and left main pulmonary arteries, thus blocking both branches

Front 23

shock

Back 23

inadequate perfusion and resultant hypoxia of body tissues

Front 24

thrombosis

Back 24

the formation, presence, or development of a thrombus

Front 25

PTT

Back 25

partial thromboplastin time, used to measure the intrinsic coagulation cascade

Front 26

PT

Back 26

prothrombin time, used to measure the extrinsic coagulation cascade

Front 27

virchow's triad

Back 27

alteration of vascular endothelium, alteration of blood flow, alterations of blood components - predsposing factors to thrombosis

Front 28

DIC

Back 28

disseminated intravascular coagulation, is a coagulation abnormality involving the coagulation factors and platelets that can complicate obstretric emergencies, malignancies, sepsis, and major trauma. The release of thromboplastic substances into circulation and/or widespread endothelial cell damage leads to activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways in the microcirculation. Numerous thrombi are formed, particularly involving the lungs, brain, heart, kidneys, and skin

Front 29

predisposing factors for pulmonary embolis

Back 29

surgery, immobility/immobilization, CHF, pregnancy, obesity, muscular weakness, cancer, and use of oral contraceptives or exogenous estrogens.

Front 30

5 potential etiologies of shock

Back 30

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vascular, neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic

Front 31

abscess

Back 31

localized collection of pus associated with liquefaction necrosis

Front 32

acute phase protein

Back 32

any protein that increases in concentration by at least 25% with inflammation; includes C-reactive protein, complement, and fibrinogen

Front 33

anaphylatoxin

Back 33

substance that may cause the release of histamine and result in hypersensitivity

Front 34

cytokine

Back 34

polypeptide that acts as an intercellular mediator of the immune response

Front 35

empyema

Back 35

localized collection of pus in a natural anatomic cavity

Front 36

epithelioid cell

Back 36

a non-epithelial cell that has similar characteristics derived from a macrophage

Front 37

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Back 37

the rate at which RBCs settle in blood without anticoagulant

Front 38

giant cell

Back 38

formed by a syncytium or fusion of epithelioid cells

Front 39

granulocytosis

Back 39

increase in the total number of granulocytes in the blood

Front 40

granuloma

Back 40

consists of small, nodular collections of epithelioid cells; often contain giant cells

Front 41

histiocyte

Back 41

circulating monocyte in the resting state (not reacting to a stimulus)

Front 42

integrins

Back 42

glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that promote adhesion of cells to other cells or to extracellular material

Front 43

kallikrein

Back 43

proteolytic enzyme of the kinin system that cleaves high molecular-weight kininogen to bradykinin

Front 44

leukemoid reaction

Back 44

extreme elevations of WBC count

Front 45

leukocytosis

Back 45

increase in the total number of circulating leukocytes in peripheral blood

Front 46

lymphocytosis

Back 46

abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream

Front 47

lymphokines

Back 47

chemical mediators produced by lymphocytes that are involved in lymphocyte recruitment and proliferation and other aspects of inflammation/immunity

Front 48

macrophage

Back 48

circulating monocyte reacting to stimulus

Front 49

monokines

Back 49

enzymes secreted by monocytes including acid hydrolases, neutral proteases, chemotactic factors, arachidonic acid metabolites, free radicals, and growth promoting factors

Front 50

opsonin

Back 50

antibodies or products of the complement system (particularly C3b) that attaches to foreign material and makes it more susceptible to phagocytosis

Front 51

selectins

Back 51

sugar-binding lectins found on cell surfaces that promote adhesion of cells to other cells and mediate their migration to sites of injury or inflammation

Front 52

5 classical signs of acute inflammation

Back 52

calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, function laesa

Front 53

left shift is indicative of what

Back 53

acute inflammation