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23 Cards in this Set

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Obsidian
A usually black, glassy, non-crystalline igneous rock. It is felsic to intermediate in composition.
Lahar
A volcanic mudslide that happens when a volcano erupts pyroclastic material which melts ice on the volcano which creates mud.
Intrusive
An igneous rock created below the surface of the earth. They have larger crystals (1mm-10+mm in diameter) than extrusive rocks.
Extrusive
An igneous rock that formed above the surface of the earth. It has smaller crystals (no crystals-1mm in diameter) than intrusive rocks.
Aphanitic
An igneous rock that has crystals less than 1mm in diameter.
Vesicular
An igneous rock containing small cavities (vesicles) which form when gases expand during the cooling process and then escape the lava.
Tephra
Ash: Less than 2 mm diameter
Lapilli: 2 - 64 mm diamter
Bocks/Bombs: 64+ mm diameter
Shield Cone
A broad, gently sloping volcano that erupts mafic lava with a high viscosity that solidifies and forms the "shield."
Gabbro
An intrusive, phaneritic, mafic igneous rock.
Felsic
An igneous rock high in aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium. It is composed of melted crust.
Diorite
An intrusive, intermediate, phaneritic igneous rock made primarily of plagioclase feldspar
Composite Cone
Also known as a stratovolcano, it is made of tephra and lava.
Cinder Cone
A relatively small volcano made primarily of pyroclastic materials ejected from a single cone. They are steep-sided and erupt only tephra.
Mafic
An igneous rock that is low in silicon but high in calcium, iron, and magnesium. It is made of melted mantle and is found at divergent boundaries as well hot spots.
Caldera
A large depression typically caused by collapse or ejection of the summit area of a volcano.
Andesite
An intermediate, aphanitic, extrusive igneous rock.
Rhyolite
An extrusive, aphanitic, felsic igneous rock. It forms a highly viscous lava.
Pyroclastic Flow
A mixture of superheated gases and tephra and boulders. Temperatures within the cloud can reach several hundred degrees.
Scoria
A vesicular, extrusive, aphanitic mafic igneous rock. It is dark in color.
Pumice
A felsic to intermediate, extrusive, vesicular, glassy, non-crystalline igneous rock.
Granite
A light colored, intrusive, phaneritic, felsic igneous rock.
Porphyry
A texture of an igneous rock where large crystals are embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals.
Phaneritic
An igneous rock containing crystals between 1 and 10 mm.