Igneous Metamorphic

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rocks in some parts of the lower crust and/or upper mantle need to melt

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Magma

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magma will migrate all the way to Earth’s surface and erupt

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Volcano

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Once it erupts, the magma is called

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Lava

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The igneous rocks that form above the surface are called

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Volcanic or Intrusive

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Those that crystallize below the surface are called

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Plutonic or Extrusive

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When the plates move apart, the pressure on the rocks in the upper mantle just below the plate boundary drops. The pressure drop lowers the rock's melting temperature, and, because these rocks are already hot, they melt,forming magma.

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Divergent Plate

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At ocean–cean and ocean–continent convergent boundaries, the older/colder/denser oceanic plate sinks into the mantle

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Subduction

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This water lowers the melting temperature of the rocks in the mantle and creates magma. As the magma rises, it can melt part of the overlying plate, which changes its chemistry.

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Convergent plate

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There are some sites of igneous activity away from plate boundaries.

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Hot Spots

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Magma and igneous rocks can be categorized according to their composition

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Felsic, Intermediate, or mafic

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magmas and rocks tend to form at ocean–continent or ocean–ocean convergent boundaries, or where hot spots are found on land

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Felsic and Intermediate

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magmas are formed in divergent plate boundaries and hot spots in the ocean.

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Mafic

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bulk igneous rock formed by

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Magma cooling.

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minerals from felsic igneous rock

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Large crystals grow in felsic, intrusive igneous rocks.

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mineralsfrom mafic igneous rock

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Large crystals are carried from mantle in mafic magma.

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layered intrusion

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Magma(s) and crystals with different densities settle, forming and crystallizing in distinct layers.

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hydrothermal fluids

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Ions dissolved in hydrothermal fluids combine to form mineral deposits.

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porphyry

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Intruding magma fractures the rock, and remaining magma and/or fluid flows into the highly fractured and shattered rock.

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The original rock is heated, squeezed,or exposed to hot, reactive fluids, and these things squeeze minerals into alignment and remove the pores, allowing the minerals in that rock to grow, and the atoms in those minerals to move around and make new minerals.

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Metamorphic

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the hot, reactive fluids are also called

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hydrothermal fluids

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formed when rocks are buried to depths with high temperature and pressure are found where rocks are squeezed and crumpled into mountains, that is, at convergent plate boundaries.

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Metamorphic rocks

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Several types of metal ions combine with sulfur in the hydrothermal fluids to form metallic sulfide minerals. Thus, the hydrothermal fluids concentrate metals, creating mineral reserves called metallic

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ore deposits.