Ie 210 Final

Front 1

Three most important considerations for human-system performance

Back 1

1. The controls (or displays)
2. Relationship of the displays & controls to each other
3. Relationship of the displays and controls to the operator

Front 2

What is the function of a control?

Back 2

To transmit information to some device, mechanism or a system.

Front 3

The information transmitted can be of 2 primary types:

Back 3

1. Discrete on/off position (low, medium, and high position)
2. Continuous like speed and weight (cursor positioning)

Front 4

Controls have specific _________ outcomes

Back 4

predefined

Front 5

Discrete controls should be chosen based on:

Back 5

1. number of possible settings
2. Force required

Front 6

Examples of Discrete controls that are two state

Back 6

Push button, rocker switch, toggle switch, push-pull switch

Front 7

Examples of discrete controls that are three or more states

Back 7

rotary knob, button group, lever

Front 8

Continuous controls provide a _________ of values

Back 8

range

Front 9

Continuous controls should be chosen based on:

Back 9

1. Preciseness of value
2. Force required

Front 10

Examples of Continuous controls:

Back 10

Knob, slider, pedal, wheel, joystick

Front 11

Use discrete controls when:

Back 11

1. there is a limited number of control states
2. alphanumeric information must be entered
3. on-off or yes-no information is required
4. only small mechanical forces are required or available

Front 12

Use continuous controls when:

Back 12

1. There is a large number of control states involved (more than 25)
2. The operator must exert substantial force to adjust the control
3. Speed of operation is more important than accuracy of control setting.

Front 13

5 Factors to consider during design:

Back 13

1. identification
2. sensitivity
3. ease of activation
4. convention
5. location/arrangement

Front 14

________ controls can be thought of as a sub-category under ____________ controls.

Back 14

pointing

Front 15

How can the design of an object signal the appropriate actions needed to use it?

Back 15

1. Natural constraints-limit what can be done
2. Affordances of objects-convey messages about their possible uses, actions & functions.

Front 16

7 common methods of control coding

Back 16

shape, texture, size, location, operational, color, label

Front 17

Control coding helps to effectively identify controls, resulting in improved ______________ and _______ ______

Back 17

accuracy/ task time

Front 18

Shape coding

Back 18

provides both a visual feature and a tactile feature for distinguishing controls

Front 19

Texture coding

Back 19

controls are coded by virtue of their unique texture

Front 20

3 Classes of textures:

Back 20

smooth, fluted, knurled

Front 21

Size coding

Back 21

controls are to be identified by virtue of their size

Front 22

Size coding can be used for situations in which _______ is restricted.

Back 22

vision

Front 23

People can accurately discriminate only a few different sizes, limiting it's _________________

Back 23

usefulness

Front 24

Location coding

Back 24

generally used when controls are to be identified by virtue of their location

Front 25

Location coding is only effective if...

Back 25

the operator can reliably distinguish the different control locations

Front 26

Operational coding

Back 26

controls are to be identified by virtue of their unique operation

Front 27

Operational coding can be used in situations which _____ is restricted

Back 27

vision

Front 28

Color coding

Back 28

controls are to be identified by virtue of their color only

Front 29

Effectiveness ____________ when colors can be associated with specific meanings, but this can be ___________ ___________

Back 29

increases/ culturally biased

Front 30

The perceived color can vary as a function of ___________

Back 30

illumination

Front 31

Label coding

Back 31

controls are to be identified by using labels

Front 32

Either __________ or __________ labels can be used

Back 32

alphanumeric/ symbolic

Front 33

Most common method of coding?

Back 33

Label coding

Front 34

_________ coding is considered the minimum coding requirement and additional forms of coding should be used to distinguish the use of multiple controls

Back 34

Label

Front 35

Good controls provide ________

Back 35

feedback

Front 36

6 Control characteristics to prevent accidental activation

Back 36

1. location
2. recessing-position control son recessed surfaces so they don't stick out as much
3. covering
4. locking-lock control into a position so that it must be operated in two different directions to use
5. Orientation
6. Resistance

Front 37

_______ controls should require more force to avoid accidental activation

Back 37

emergency

Front 38

____ controls should require less force than foot controls to avoid stress and worker fatigue

Back 38

hand

Front 39

____ controls should require a good amount of force to avoid accidental activation

Back 39

foot

Front 40

Deadspace

Back 40

amount of control movement around the null position that results in no movement of the device being controlled.

Front 41

Backlash

Back 41

Deadspace at any control position

Front 42

Two principles of General Location

Back 42

Importance/Frequency of use

Front 43

Two principles of Specific Location

Back 43

Functional/Sequence of use

Front 44

6 Factors that influence performance with controls

Back 44

1. demands on the operator
2. coding methods already being used
3. illumination level
4. speed and accuracy required for control identification
5. available space
6. number of controls that must be coded.

Front 45

Teleoperators

Back 45

general purpose human machine systems that augment the physical skills of the operator

Front 46

Robots are not considered teleoperators because...

Back 46

they operate autonomously and sometimes counter to human interest.

Front 47

Two main types of displays:

Back 47

passive/active

Front 48

The objective of displays is...

Back 48

to indicate the current or future state of the system

Front 49

Passive displays consist of _____ text, graphics, symbols and codes

Back 49

static

Front 50

Visibility

Back 50

quality of characters/symbol that makes it visible from its surroundings

Front 51

legibility

Back 51

attribute of alphanumeric characters that makes each of them identifiable to others

Front 52

readability

Back 52

a quality that makes possible the recognition of the informational content when it is presented in groups

Front 53

3 Considerations for presenting text

Back 53

Visibility, legibility, readability

Front 54

The size of the letter is measured in ______

Back 54

points

Front 55

quantitative displays are used to display _____ values

Back 55

exact

Front 56

qualitative displays are used when...

Back 56

the user is primarily interested in the approximate value of some continuously changeable value

Front 57

moving pointers and fixed markers with moving scales have an __________ ease of reading

Back 57

acceptable

Front 58

counters have a _________ ease of reading

Back 58

very good

Front 59

moving pointers have a ________ detection of change

Back 59

very good

Front 60

fixed markers with moving scales have an __________ detection of change

Back 60

acceptable

Front 61

counters have a ____ detection of change

Back 61

poor

Front 62

moving pointers have a ________ setting to a reading; controlling a process

Back 62

very good

Front 63

fixed markers with moving scales and counters have an __________ setting to a reading; controlling a process

Back 63

acceptable

Front 64

what is the main advantage of using a fixed scale moving pointer display?

Back 64

motion catches the eye and conveys information about both magnitude and direction of change.

Front 65

if the numerical increase is related to some natural interpretation (e.g., when an increase in temperature is related to an upward movement in the pointer), you should use what kind of display?

Back 65

fixed scale moving pointer

Front 66

when the range of values is too large, you should use what kind of display?

Back 66

moving scale fixed pointer

Front 67

when a precise value is required, what kind of display should be used?

Back 67

digital

Front 68

disadvantages of using digital displays

Back 68

1. information on rate of change is not easily legible
2. direction of movement is not specified
3. there may be some difficulty in combining digital displays with qualitative display.

Front 69

qualitative displays are used when...

Back 69

the user is primarily interested in the approximate value of some continuously changeable variable.

Front 70

6 display design guidelines

Back 70

1. select legible characters
2. arrange characters and symbols
3. decide display type for message
4. project message
5. select the instrument to display
6. locate/arrange the display

Front 71

The ADA generally only covers...

Back 71

non correctable, non-temporary conditions

Front 72

ADA focuses on the __________ rather than the __________

Back 72

environment, individual

Front 73

the ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in the following areas:

Back 73

1. employment
2. public service
3. public accommodations
4 telecommunications
5. miscellaneous (coercing, threatening, or retaliating against disabled)

Front 74

public accommodations are

Back 74

places that are generally open to everyone-restaurants hotels, theaters, ect.

Front 75

____________ and ____________________ are not required to meet the ADA's requirements for public accommodations

Back 75

private clubs, religious organizations

Front 76

The ADA applies to companies with __ or more employees

Back 76

15

Front 77

The ADA does not apply to ________________

Back 77

federal employees

Front 78

For federal employees, the same protections as the ADA are provided by ____

Back 78

EEOC - Office fo Federal Operations

Front 79

Reasonable accommodation

Back 79

how an employer adapts so that a disabled person can work

Front 80

reasonable accommodations usually refer to any change or adjustment to a ___ or in ________ that allows a qualified employee with a disability perform/apply for the job.

Back 80

job, procedure

Front 81

examples of reasonable accommodations may include:

Back 81

1. providing equipment or devices, or adapting them so the person with the disability can use them
2. restructuring a job
3. changing work schedules
4. reassigning the employee to a vacant position
5. adjusting or modifying tests, training materials, or policies
6. providing readers and/or interpreters
7. making the workplace easy to get into and use by people with disabilities.

Front 82

essential functions are...

Back 82

the fundamental duties required by the job itself.

Front 83

An employer (can/can not) refuse to hire you if your disability prevents you from performing duties that are not essential to the job

Back 83

can not

Front 84

Employers (do/do not) have to provide personal-use items such as glasses or hearing aids.

Back 84

do not

Front 85

light passes through ____ and is focused on the _____ (part of the ______) at the back of the eye

Back 85

lens, fovea, retina

Front 86

The retina converts light into __________________

Back 86

electrical activity

Front 87

visual information is transmitted down the __________ to the brain

Back 87

optic nerve

Front 88

rods are for _____time vision (more sensitive to light)

Back 88

night

Front 89

rods have (good/poor) detail

Back 89

poor

Front 90

rods: relatively insensitive to color or color vision?

Back 90

relatively insensitive to color

Front 91

rods: peripheral vision or central "foveal" vision?

Back 91

peripheral

Front 92

Cones are for _____time vision (require high levels of illumination)

Back 92

day

Front 93

cones have (good/poor) detail

Back 93

good

Front 94

cones: relatively insensitive to color or color vision?

Back 94

color vision

Front 95

Cones are concentrated in the _____ (center of the ______)

Back 95

fovea, retina

Front 96

acuity

Back 96

ability to perceive/discriminate fine detail

Front 97

the highest acuity is at the _____

Back 97

fovea

Front 98

at night, our central vision becomes functionally (focused/blind)

Back 98

blind

Front 99

Accommodation (visual)

Back 99

refers to the ability of the lens to focus the light rays on the retina (the lens changes shape to focus image)

Front 100

Accommodation is what allows us to see...

Back 100

details of objects at different distances

Front 101

Near point

Back 101

closest point to which the eyes can focus

Front 102

the near point is at about __ centimeters

Back 102

20

Front 103

near point (increases/decreases) with age

Back 103

decreases

Front 104

far point

Back 104

farthest point beyond which the eyes cannot focus

Front 105

nearsightedness

Back 105

myopia-cannot see distant objects; far point too close

Front 106

farsightedness

Back 106

hyperopia-cannot see close objects; near point too far away

Front 107

presbyopia

Back 107

normal aging retreat of the near point

Front 108

vergence

Back 108

rotation of the eyes inward or outward that is necessary to cause the images from a fixed object to fall on the central regions of the left and right eye

Front 109

contrast is a big factor in __________

Back 109

legibility

Front 110

why could getting your eyesight tested with black letters on a white background be problematic?

Back 110

measuring acuity with high contrast targets tells us little about reality where contrast may be much less

Front 111

spatial contrast sensitivity

Back 111

sensitivity to fluctuations between dark and light

Front 112

contrast sensitivity is a (worse/better) measure/predictor of how well a person can see in low contrast

Back 112

better

Front 113

luminance level

Back 113

visual acuity and contrast sensitivity improves with increasing levels of light or background luminance and then levels off

Front 114

at high levels of illumination _____ are activated

Back 114

cones

Front 115

contrast is a factor affecting visual acuity and contrast sensitivity because...

Back 115

improved contrast increases discriminability

Front 116

exposure time is a factor affecting visual acuity and contrast sensitivity because...

Back 116

acuity improves with increased exposure time under high levels of illumination

Front 117

target motion is a factor affecting visual acuity and contrast sensitivity because...

Back 117

movement of the target or observer decreases visual acuity

Front 118

age is a factor affecting visual acuity and contrast sensitivity because...

Back 118

visual acuity declines with age (after 40)

Front 119

training is a factor affecting visual acuity and contrast sensitivity because...

Back 119

training people to control their focus does improve visual acuity

Front 120

visibility

Back 120

refers to how well something can be seen by the human eye

Front 121

contrast (is/is not) affected
by illumination but visibility (is/is not)

Back 121

is not/is

Front 122

saccades

Back 122

fast jerky movements

Front 123

fixations

Back 123

stationary periods

Front 124

regressions

Back 124

reverse movements

Front 125

information is absorbed during (saccades/fixations/regressions)

Back 125

fixations

Front 126

visual display design should meet these two objectives:

Back 126

1. display able to been seen clearly
2. design should help viewer correctly perceive the meaning of the displays.

Front 127

visibility

Back 127

quality of characters/symbols that makes it visible from its surroundings (how wel it can be seen by the human eye)

Front 128

legibility

Back 128

attribute of alphanumeric characters that makes each one of them identifiable from others

Front 129

readability

Back 129

a quality that makes possible the recognition of the informational content when it is presented in groups

Front 130

typography

Back 130

refers to the various features of alphanumeric characters individually and collectively

Front 131

Times when "preferred" forms of typography are necessary

Back 131

1. viewing conditions are unfavorable
2. critical information is to be displayed
3. people have poor vision
4. viewing occurs at a distance

Front 132

one point = __ mm

Back 132

0.25

Front 133

most commonly used font size for close reading varies __-__ pt

Back 133

9-12

Front 134

optimal font size for reading

Back 134

11 pt

Front 135

luminance

Back 135

a statistic designed to express the fact that lights of equal energy but different wavelengths do not all appear equally bright

Front 136

Even though the lights of the various wavelengths are equal in power from a physical standpoint, the visual system (is/is not) equally sensitive to them.

Back 136

is not

Front 137

brightness is greatest for wavelengths in the vicinity of ___ nm, somewhere between _____ (500 nm) and ______ (600 nm)

Back 137

565, green, yellow

Front 138

dark adaptation

Back 138

the gradual process of returning to original sensitivity after looking at a bright light and then into total darkness

Front 139

dark to light adaptation has a __% recovery in __ seconds.

Back 139

50, 90

Front 140

light to dark adaptation may take up to __ minutes

Back 140

40

Front 141

As illumination goes from bright to dim, green goes from ____ to _______

Back 141

dark, lighter

Front 142

As illumination goes from bright to dim, red goes from ______ to ________

Back 142

lighter, darker

Front 143

trichromats

Back 143

people with normal vision

Front 144

achromacy

Back 144

confuse all colors that have the same brightness, essentially lacking the dimensions of hue and saturation.

Front 145

tritanopia and tritanomaly

Back 145

blue-yellow anomalies

Front 146

protanopia and deuteranopia are most common along men or women?

Back 146

men

Front 147

protanopia and deuteranopia

Back 147

red-green anomalies

Front 148

protanopia and deuteranopia affect __ % of the population

Back 148

8

Front 149

5 monocular cues:

Back 149

1. size and shape-distant objects appear smaller and shape is easier to see up close
2. linear perspective-parallel lines appear to converge at far distances, also fog and haze obscure distant objects near the horizon
3. relative motion-near objects move more rapidly than those in close
4. interposition- distant objects are obscured by those in close
5. light and shadow-reflected light, shadow, and sun position provide additional distance cues.

Front 150

2 binocular clues:

Back 150

1. convergence/divergence-when we view close-up and distant objects, our eyes converge and diverge to accommodate up-close and distant objects respectively.
2. retinal disparity-the eyes are separated yielding slightly different views.

Front 151

Under low levels of illusion we are (more subject/less subject) to "illusions" because the visual environment is poorly structured and devoid of detail.

Back 151

more subject

Front 152

autokinesis

Back 152

when a static light is stared at in the dark, the light appears to move.

Front 153

relative motion

Back 153

example: if you are stopped and a car moves forward from your position, you may experience the impression that you are rolling backwards

Front 154

false horizons

Back 154

cloud formations may be confused with the horizon or the ground

Front 155

ground-light misinterpretation

Back 155

a common occurrence is to confuse ground lights with stars.

Front 156

size-distance illusion

Back 156

results from viewing a source of light that is increasing or decreasing in brightness. the aviator may interpret the light as approaching or retreating.

Front 157

height illusion

Back 157

when flying over desert, snow, water or other areas of low contrast, crew members may experience the illusion of being higher above the terrain than they actually are, due to the lack of visual reference cues.

Front 158

black hole approaches

Back 158

the area under the aircraft during the approach was dark, either water or unilluminated terrain. under these conditions, pilots may visually overestimate their altitude.

Front 159

poor lighting can adversely affect...

Back 159

performance, mood and health

Front 160

basic criteria for lighting a task

Back 160

1. have satisfactory visual performance
2. minimize cost of the lighting
3. have satisfactory esthetics

Front 161

visual performance is affected by:

Back 161

1. individual differences
2. quantity of light
3. quality of light
4. task requirements

Front 162

2 sources of light

Back 162

1. incandescent bodies-the sun, luminares and flame
2. luminescent bodies-reflected light from objects in our field of view

Front 163

lumen

Back 163

measure of light energy from a source

Front 164

3 types of lamps

Back 164

1. incandescent filament-light produced by electric heating of filament or combustion of gases-less efficient, but better color rendering
2. gas discharge-light produced by passage of electric current through the gases
3. LEDs-light emitting diode-solid state lighting

Front 165

Glare

Back 165

brightness within the field of view greater than which the eyes are adapted to resulting in annoyance, discomfort, loss in visual performance and visibility

Front 166

specular reflected glare

Back 166

from a smooth polished surface

Front 167

spread reflected glare

Back 167

from a rough, etched surface

Front 168

diffused reflected glare

Back 168

from a flat painted, matte surface

Front 169

composed reflected glare

Back 169

combination of specular, spread and diffused glare

Front 170

Reduce glare from luminaries by:

Back 170

1. select luminaries with low DGR (discomfort glare rating)
2. reduce luminance of the light source by using several low-intensity luminaries instead of few bright ones
3. avoid place light sources within 60 degrees of the center of visual field
4. reduce luminance ratio
5. use shield, hoods, visors
6. resort to indirect lighting

Front 171

reduce glare from windows by:

Back 171

1. use window that are at some distance from the floor
2. construct overhang above the windows
3. provide shades, blinds, ect.

Front 172

The lens of the eye grows continuously in life by...

Back 172

adding layers onto the lens

Front 173

what two parts of the eye atrophy with age?

Back 173

the cels at the center of the lens and the muscles controlling the diameter of the pupil

Front 174

as the lens thickens with age _____________ can occur

Back 174

farsightedness

Front 175

when the lens becomes thick it also becomes ______ and therefore less ____ light passes through

Back 175

yellow, blue

Front 176

vibration patterns can be classified into

Back 176

simple and complex sounds

Front 177

fluctuations occurring with a regular period and having only a single frequency are termed

Back 177

simple or pure tone

Front 178

sound containing all audible frequencies

Back 178

white noise

Front 179

complex sound

Back 179

combination of fundamental frequencies (harmonic and non-harmonic)

Front 180

two primary attributes of sound are:

Back 180

frequency-number of cycles per second
amplitude-intensity, amount of compressing in airwave

Front 181

pitch

Back 181

human sensation-highness or lowness in tone

Front 182

intensity

Back 182

power per unit area

Front 183

doubling sound power will raise SPL by __ dB

Back 183

3

Front 184

human ear is sensitive to frequency in the range of __ - _____ Hz

Back 184

20-20000

Front 185

human ear is (more/less) sensitive to low frequency sound and (more/less) sensitive to high frequency sound

Back 185

less, more

Front 186

the primary function of the outer ear is to

Back 186

help collect sound energy

Front 187

outer ear consists of external part (_____) and the auditory canal (______)

Back 187

pinna, meatus

Front 188

at the end of the auditory canal lies the ________________

Back 188

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Front 189

the middle ear is separated from the outer ear by

Back 189

ear drum

Front 190

middle ear includes a chain of three small bones called ossicles:

Back 190

hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)

Front 191

infrasonic

Back 191

below 16 Hz and perceived as vibration

Front 192

the primary function of the inner ear is

Back 192

force vibration that cause neural impulses that transmit to the brain

Front 193

ultrasonic

Back 193

above 20000Hz which dogs and other animals hear, not humans

Front 194

human speech is generally between ___ and ___ Hz

Back 194

300-700

Front 195

sound intensity is associated with the human sensation of ________

Back 195

loudness

Front 196

A __dB increase makes the sound perceive to be twice as loud

Back 196

10

Front 197

sound intensity is/is not additive

Back 197

is not

Front 198

inverse square law

Back 198

the level of sound decreases by 6 decibels every time the distance from the sound source doubles

Front 199

masking

Back 199

one component of the sound environment reduces the sensitivity of the ear to another component.

Front 200

stereophony

Back 200

ability to localize the direction from which sound waves are emanating

Front 201

the primary cues used by people to determine the direction fo a sound source are differences in:

Back 201

intensity and phase

Front 202

what happens at high frequencies (above 3000 Hz)?

Back 202

the intensity differences can be dramatic, the head effectively shadows the ear so phase is not reliable

Front 203

what happens at low frequencies (below 1500 Hz)?

Back 203

if a sound source is directly to one side of the head, the sound reaches the nearer ear approximately .8 ms before it reaches the other ear

Front 204

noise

Back 204

unwanted sound-auditory stimulus bearing no informational relationship to the presence or completion of the immediate task

Front 205

routine tasks show (high/little) effect from noise

Back 205

little

Front 206

True or False: The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies

Back 206

True

Front 207

presbycusis

Back 207

hearing loss due to aging

Front 208

sociocusis

Back 208

hearing loss due to non-occupational noise

Front 209

temporary threshold shift at __ minutes

Back 209

2

Front 210

temporary hearing loss increases as a function of...

Back 210

noise level and exposure time

Front 211

permanent hearing loss is a function of...

Back 211

intensity and exposure time

Front 212

response to a loud noise can include...

Back 212

1. larger and slower breathing movements
2. small changes in heart rate
3. dilation of the pupils
4. greater stress

Front 213

noise may cause a _______________________ on the task

Back 213

funneling of attention

Front 214

performance may improve in _______ and _______ as a result of noise

Back 214

continuous noise, boring tasks

Front 215

in general, people are more annoyed and distracted by sounds they consider _________ than by sounds they consider __________

Back 215

unnecessary, inevitable

Front 216

_____ is considered the most annoying and distracting type of office noise

Back 216

speech

Front 217

levels below __ dBA do not constitute a risk to hearing loss

Back 217

80

Front 218

Three principles to minimize noise levels:

Back 218

1. the higher the demand for information processing and concentration, the lower the noise should be
2. avoid exposure to noise that is unrelated to the work being performed
3. keep the occupants in the area informed about steps taken to abate noise and the costs for further improvement.

Front 219

True or false: habituating to consistent noise is easier than to variable noise: consequently, constant noise is less annoying overall than variable noise

Back 219

True

Front 220

EPA recommends an average level of __ dBA during the day and __ dBA at night

Back 220

45, 35

Front 221

vibrations can be reduced through:

Back 221

design, maintenance, lubrication, proper padding using resilient materials, damping material

Front 222

4 principles of presentation

Back 222

1. avoid extremes of auditory dimensions
2. establish intensity relative to ambient noise level
3. use interrupted or variable signals
4. do not overload the auditory channel

Front 223

3 principles of installation

Back 223

1. test signals to be used
2. avoid conflict with previously used signals
3. facilitate changeover from previous display

Front 224

fundamental principles of warning system

Back 224

1. must alert the crew and call for their attention
2. must report the nature of the condition
3. must report them in an appropriate corrective action

Front 225

in what area are most warning systems deficient?

Back 225

3. must direct them in an appropriate corrective action

Front 226

As of 2007, the average age of the American worker is now __ years old

Back 226

48

Front 227

common problems/effects related to aging include

Back 227

muscle loss, arthritis, decreased visual and auditory abilities, diminished nervous system

Front 228

RSI

Back 228

repetitive stress injuries