Id's For Hist 1121 Exam #2

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Spinning Jenny

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James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny. Spinners able to provide weavers with adequate supplies of thread. Hargreaves's machine spun 16 spindles of thread simultaneously. By the close of the century, capacity had increased to 120 spindles

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English Factory Act 1833

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The English Factory Act of 1833 forbade the employment of children under age nine, limited the workday of children aged nine to thirteen to nine hours a day, and required the factory owner to pay for two hours of education a day for these children. The effect was further to divide work and home life.

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Luddites

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Describes one who distrusts or fears the inevitable changes brought about by new technology. Revolt in 1811; action against the English Textile factories that displaced craftsmen in favor of machines. Today's Luddites believe our technical systems have evolved to control us rather than to serve us.

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Robert Owen

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The major British contributor to the early socialist tradition was Robert Owen (1771-1858), a self made cotton manufacturer. Owen was a believer in the environmentalist psychology of the Enlightenment like John Locke. If human beings were placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could be improved.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

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In May 1860, Garibaldi landed in Sicily, captured Palermo, and prepared to attack the mainland. By September he controlled the city and kingdom of Naples. For more than two decades Garibaldi had hoped to form a republican Italy, but Cavour forestalled him.

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Victor Emmanuel II

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was proclaimed king of Italy. Three months later Cavour died. The new state more than ever needed his skills, because Piedmont had, in effect, not so much united Italy as conquered it.

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Otto Von Bismarck

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Bismarck opposed parliamentary government, but not a constitutionalism that preserved a strong monarchy. He understood that Prussia-and later, Germany-must have a strong industrial base. In politics, he was a pragmatist who put more trust in power and action than in ideas.

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Danish War

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Bismarck's vision of a united Germany did not include all German~speaking lands. He intended to exclude Austria from any future united German state. This goal required complex diplomacy.

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White Man's Burden

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Burden of the ruling class (whites) to care and exercise rule over the population (non-whites). Non-whites are unable to rule themselves and the duty falls upon the while man, creating a burden.

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Berlin Conference 1884

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Bismarck had used Leopold II's efforts in the Congo to call the Berlin Conference in 1884. At the Berlin Conference the major European powers decided on what amounted to the formal partition of Africa. By 1890 almost all the continent had been parceled out. Nobody but Austria showed up.

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Great Exhibition

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Or Crystal Palace Exhibition. Was an exhibition organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert that showcased culture and industry that were popular in the 19th century.

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The Contagious Diseases Act

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The three euphemistically titled C.D. Acts (1864, 1866, 1869) were an attempt by the British government to regulate prostitution in the manner of other European countries, such as France. That is, a woman suspected of prostitution had to register with the police and receive a compulsory medical exam. If the exam revealed disease, the woman would be confined to a lock hospital until she was pronounced "clean." The specific goal of the acts was to reduce the sexually transmitted diseases that plagued the British army and navy.

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Schlieffen Plan

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Created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in December 1905. The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilize her forces near the German border.

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Verdun

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The Battle of Verdun is considered the greatest and lengthiest in world history. Never before or since has there been such a lengthy battle, involving so many men, situated on such a tiny piece of land. The battle, which lasted from 21 February 1916 until 19 December 1916 caused over an estimated 700,000 casualties (dead, wounded and missing). The battlefield was not even a square ten kilometers. From a strategic point of view there can be no justification for these atrocious losses

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Somme Offensive

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The Battle of the Somme started in July 1st 1916. It lasted until November 1916. For many people, the Battle of the Somme was the battle that symbolized the horrors of warfare in WW1; this one battle had a marked effect on overall casualty figures and seemed to epitomize the futility of trench warfare.

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Dolchstoss Legend

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The stab in the back to by the ruler party of Germany Government by signing the treaty to end WW1.For Germany the war had been a struggle for domination of economic greatness in world trade, and a survival of the encirclement by Britain, Russia and France. The armistice that represented the end of War had lasting effects that would continue until 1939

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Article 231

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The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies

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Article 232

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The Allied and Associated Governments recognize that the resources of Germany are not adequate, after taking into account permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other provisions of the present Treaty, to make complete reparation for all such loss and damage.