Domain Bacteria / Archaea & Viruses - Kingdom Protista Diversity

Front 1

Identify These Bacterial Shapes:

Back 1

Cocci - spherical

Bacilli - cylindrical

Spirillium - spiral

Front 2

What does this image depict?

Back 2

(BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION)

Conjugation - the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell through a hollow pilus. The transferred DNA is a plasmid.

Front 3

What is

transduction?

Back 3

(BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION)

when DNA from one bacterium is transferred to another via a bacteriophage (virus)

Front 4

What is

transformation?

Back 4

(BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION)

when extra DNA is picked up by a cell from the environment.

Front 5

What prokaryote is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 5

(Genus: CYANOBACTERIA)

Anabaena - A Blue Algae; "pearl necklace", known for their Nitrogen production, survives via symbiotic relationships with plants.

Front 6

What prokaryoteis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 6

(Genus: CYANOBACTERIA)

Oscillatoria - A Blue Algae; oscillating movement, is photosynthetic

Front 7

Whatprokaryoteis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 7

(Genus: CYANOBACTERIA)

Gloeocapsa - A Blue Algae; secrete individual gelatinous sheaths, largely terrestrial, symbiotic with fungi

Front 8

What prokaryoteis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 8

(Genus: CYANOBACTERIA)

Nostoc - A Blue Algae; form colonies with filaments

Front 9

What does Endosymbiotic Theory hypothesize?

Back 9

1. That eukaryotic cells evolved 1.5 bya

2. that aerobic heterotrophic bacteria became the mitochondria

3. cyanobacteria became chloroplasts

4. flagella may have evolved from spirochetes

Front 10

What makes a cell a Protistan?

Back 10

1. it is Eukaryotic

2. single- or multi-celled

3. auto-/hetero-/mixotrophic

4. locomotion

5. cysts

6. lives in colonies

7. reproduces

Front 11

What classifies a protist within Super Clade EXCAVATA?

Back 11

an exoskeleton & sometimes presence of a feeding groove.

Front 12

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 12

(Super Clade: EXCAVATA)

Giardia - A Diplomonad; modified mitochondria, anaerobic, 2 nuclei, multiple flagella

Front 13

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 13

(Super Clade: EXCAVATA)

Trichomonas - A Parabasalid; reduced mitochondria, produce hydrogen gas via anaerobic respiration, undulating membrane, flagella

Front 14

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 14

(Super Clade: EXCAVATA)

Trypanosome - A Euglenozoan kinetoplastid; contain 1 large mitochondria, mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

Front 15

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 15

(Super Clade: EXCAVATA)

Euglena - A Euglenozoan Euglenoid, mixotrophic, have flagella & an eye-spot

Front 16

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 16

(Super Clade: CHROMALVEOLATA)

Dinoflagellates - An Alveolate; membrane-bound sacs beneath plasma membrane, 2 flagella grooves, mixotrophic, bioluminescent, toxic

Front 17

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 17

(Super Clade: CHROMALVEOLATA)

Paramecium - An Alveolate Ciliate; cilia for movement, has a contractile vacuole & oral groove

Front 18

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 18

(Super Clade: CHROMALVEOLATA)

Stentor - An Alveolate Ciliate; "bugle" shape with "tassles"

Front 19

What protistis this & what are its characteristics?

Back 19

(Super Clade: CHROMALVEOLATA)

Vorticella - An Alveolate Ciliate; has a long stalk & contractile vacuoles for water regulation

Front 20

(CHROMOLEOVATA>Alveolata>Ciliates)

How do Ciliates reproduce?

Back 20

Via Conjugation.

Front 21

What protist is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 21

(Super Clade: STRAMENOPHILES)

Diatoms - an algae with silica wall--or frustrule--made of 2 visible plates. Diatoms are important for the food chain & remove CO2 from the atmosphere.

Front 22

Brown Algae

Super Clade?

Structure?

Chlorophyll __&__?

Back 22

(Super Clade: AECHAEPASTIDIA)

Brown Algae - multi-celled algae with carotenoid pigments.

Contain Chlorophyl A & C

Front 23

What protist is this?

Super Clade?

Found where?

Uses?

Chlorophyll __&__?

Back 23

(Super Clade: ARCHAEPLASTIDA)

Red Algae / Rhodophyta - multi-celled, with phycoerythrin, found in warm tropical waters, used for all sorts of stuff like cosmetics and baked goods.

Contain Chlorophyll A & D

Front 24

What protist is this?

Super Clade?

Found where?

Chlorophyll __ & __?

Back 24

(Super Clade: ARCHAEPLASTIDA)

Green Algae / Charaphytes - single- or multi-celled, freshwater & terrestrial, cell wall made of cellulose, stores starch

Contain Chlorophyll A & B

Front 25

What protist is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 25

(Super Clade: ARCHAEPLASTIDA)

Volvox - A Green Algae; single celled, "top hat" movement of parent cells

Front 26

What protist is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 26

(Super Clade: ARCHAEPLASTIDA)

Spirogyra - A Green Algae; single-celled, intricate chloroplasts

Front 27

What protist is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 27

(Super Clade: ARCHAEPLASTIDA)

Chlamydomonas - A Green Algae; single-celled, 2 "bull horn" flagella.

Front 28

What Green Algae is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 28

(Super Clade: ARCHAEPLASTIDA)

Ulva - A Green Algae that is very slick, multicelled

Front 29

Which Protist is the most recent ancestor of land plants?

Back 29

Green Algae

Front 30

What Protist is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 30

(Super Clade: UNIKONTS)

Amoeba - An Amoebozoan; move & feed via pseudopodia (a temporary "foot-like" protrusion), normally freshwater.

Front 31

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 31

(Phylum: ZYGOMYCOTA)

Rhizopus - has 2 strains that join hyphae to either reproduce sexually or asexually. Those that reproduce sexually have zygosporangium. Those that reproduce asexually have sporangium

Front 32

Zygosporangium vs. Sporangium

Back 32

Zygosporangium vs. Sporangium

sexual asexual

Occurs in the (+) & Occurs in the

(-) hyphae spores

Front 33

Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA

Back 33

Sac/cup fungi

Sexual reproducing strains use ascus

Asexual reproducing strains use conidia @ the ends of hyphae

Includes: yeast, sacchromyces, penicillium, molds, aspergillus...

Front 34

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 34

(Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA)

Morchella - tightly packed, cup fungi

Front 35

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 35

(Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA)

Saccharomyces - known as "Baker's Yeast",

Front 36

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 36

(Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA)

Peziza - hyphae on opposite side of spores

Front 37

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 37

(Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA)

Penicillium - "broom" like structure

Front 38

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 38

(Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA)

Aspergillus - "Fan" like structure

Front 39

What FUNGUS is this & what are its characteristics?

Back 39

(Phylum: BASIDIOMYCOTA)

Corprinus - club fungi, important wood decomposers, sexual reproduction through basidiospores in the stalk called a Basidium

Front 40

Identify the Bastidium & the Bastidiospore:

Back 40

Front 41

Viruses are __________, meaning they are too small to be seen by a light microscope.

They are also __________, meaning the are not living.

Back 41

Submicroscopic,

Acellular

Front 42

Viruses are Obligate Intracellular Parasites, meaning that they...

Back 42

...Cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on a host cell's resources.

Front 43

Naked Virus Structure

Back 43

Head - where DNA/RNA is kept

Protein Coat/Sheath - made out of capsomeres (plural: capsid)

Front 44

Enveloped Virus Structure

Back 44

Glycoproteins - help virus avoid immune response from host

Capsid - protective protein coat where DNA/RNA is stored

Envelope - covers the Capsid. Contains protein spikes; usually comes from host cell

Front 45

Replication PART 2:

The Lytic

Cycle

Back 45

The Lytic Cycle - when a virus has replicated within a host cell & causes lysis of the cell, releasing more viruses.

Front 46

Replication PART 1:

The Lysogenic Cycle

Back 46

The Lysogenic Cycle - when genetic material from the virus combines with the host cell's chromosome (prophage/provirus) and the virus begins to replicate. Lytic phase can follow.

Front 47

What step of replication is this?

Back 47

Attachment -1st Step: virus contacts host cell and binds to it

Front 48

What step of replication is this?

Back 48

Penetration - 2nd step: DNA/RNA from virus is inserted into the host

Front 49

What step of replication is this?

Back 49

Uncoating - replication of nucleic acid occurs within host cell

Front 50

What step of replication is this?

Back 50

Biosynthesis - synthetic activity within host cell is under control of viral DNA. Virus copies are produced.

Front 51

What step of replication is this?

Back 51

Maturation - viral particles mature into fully formed copies

Front 52

What step of replication is this?

Back 52

Release (Lysis) - viral enzyme attacks cell, cell ruptures, & viral particles release

Front 53

What type of flagella is this?

Back 53

Petritrichous - flagella covering all exterior of cell

Front 54

What type of flagella is this?

Back 54

Polar - flagella on only 1 side of a cell for movement

Front 55

Qualities of a Prokaryote

Back 55

Front 56

Qualities of a Eukaryote

Back 56

Front 57

Domain: BACTERIA

Back 57

Bacteria

Nucleiod & plasmids - contain DNA

Single-celled

Prokaryotic

Cell Wall - Peptidoglycan

Asexual - same as Archaea, but unique ability to form spores & remain dormant

Front 58

Domain: ARCHAEA

Back 58

Archaea

Extremophiles

a. halophiles (salt-loving)

b. thermophiles

c. methanogens (mathane prod.)

Cell wall: is made of Pseudopeptidoglycan

Asexual: binary fission, budding & fragmentation

Front 59

Gram-Positive Bacteria

(i.e.: Staph., Strep.)

Back 59

have peptidoglycan cell walls, which are unique to bacteria

Front 60

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Back 60

have outer membranes (not cell walls) that contain lipopolysaccharides.

Front 61

What is the protein that makes up flagella called?

Back 61

A. flagellum

B. flagellin - Correct Answer

C. plasmids

Front 62

What are fimbriae & pili used for?

Back 62

Attaching to surfaces & sexual reproduction

Front 63

what is a nucleoid?

Back 63

A circular chromosome within a Bacterial Cell

Front 64

TRUE or FALSE?:

Plasmids are extra pieces of DNA within a bacterial/protozoan cell that can replicate independently.

Back 64

True!

Front 65

What are endospores?

Back 65

a resistant structure within some bacteria for better survival.

Front 66

Binary Fission is the reproductive process for most ____________.

Back 66

Prokaryotes.

....Some single-celled eukaryotes.

Front 67

Chlamydias, Spirochetes, & Cyanobacteria all belong within which domain?

Back 67

A. Domain Eukarya

B. Domain Archaea

C. Domain Bacteria - Correct Answer

Front 68

What is the key characteristic of Radiolarians?

Back 68

Radiolarians are delicate structure pseudopods

Front 69

Unikonta>Amoeba>Gymnamoebas

Are how common?

Where do they live?

Back 69

Gymnamoebas

Are extremely common

Live mainly in soil

Front 70

Unikonta>Amoeba>

Entamoebas

...cause what?

Back 70

Entamoebas cause amoebic dysentery.

Front 71

Dinoflagellates that nourish coral reefs & wood digesting amoeboids breaking down cellulose in termites are examples of ___________.

Back 71

Symbiotic Protists

Front 72

Which protist causes malaria?

Back 72

Plasmodium

Front 73

How are

root nodules

an example of symbiosis between plants and protists?

Back 73

root nodules exemplify symbiosis in that nitrogen forming protists live in the roots of plants

Front 74

What is the main difference between a PROKARYOTE & a PROTIST?

Back 74

PROKARYOTE PROTIST

• prokaryotic Eukaryotic

• no membrane membrane bound

bound organelles organelles present