Idc - Psychology - Book - Prologue

Front 1

Question P-1: What were some important milestones in psychology's early development?

Back 1

Headlines: Psychology's First Laboratory, Structurealism and Functionalism, First Women in Psychology.

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structuralism

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Early school of thought promotoed by Wundt and Titchener; used introsepction to reveal the structure of the human mind

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functionalism

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Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavior processes funciton - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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William James and Mary Whiton Calkins

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James was a legendary teacher-writer who authored an important 1890 psychology text. He mentored Calking, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind (1908)

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Retrieval Practice P-1-1: What event defined the start of sceintific psychology?

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Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory

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Retrieval Practice P-1-2: Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

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People’s self-reports varied, depending on the experience and the person’s intelligence and verbal ability

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Retrieval Pracice P-1-3: Structarlism, functionalism

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Structuralism used introspection to define the mind's makeup; functionalism focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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Question P-2: How did psychology continute to develop from the 1920s through today

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Headlines: Behaviorism, Freudian Psychology, Humanistic Psychology, Cogntivie Revolution, Modern Definition of Psychology

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John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

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Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior. He an Rayner showed that fear could be learned, in experiments on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert."

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Behaviorism

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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

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Freudian Psychology

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This branch of psychology emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

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B.F. Skinner

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This leading behaviorist rejected introspection and studies how consequences shape behavior

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Sigmund Freud

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The controversial ideas of this fames personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanit's self-understnading

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Humanistic Psychology

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Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growh potential

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Cognitive neuroscience

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The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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Cognitive Psychology

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This branch of psychology scientifically explores the ways we perceive, process, and remember information

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Psychology

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The science of behavior and mental processes

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Retrieval Practice P-1-1; behaviorism, Freudian

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From the 1920s thorugh the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were behaviorism and Freudian psychology

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Retrieval Practice P-1-2: How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

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It recaptured the field’s early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific study

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Question P-3: How has our understanding of biology and experience, culture and gender, and human flouishin shaped contemporary pshychology?

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Headlines: Evolutionary Psychology and Behavior Genetics, Cross-Cultural and Gender Psychology, Positive Psychology

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nature-nurture issue

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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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natural selection

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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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A nature-made nature-nurture experiment

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Because identifcal twins have the same genes, they are idea participants in studies designed to shed light on hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence, personlity, and other traits. Studies of identifcla and fraternal twins provide a rich array of findings - described in later chapters - that underscore the importance of both nature and nurture

Front 25

Retrieval practise P-3-1: What is natural selection?

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This is the process by which nature selects from chance variations the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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Retrieval practise P-3-2: What is contemporary psychology's position on the nature-nurture debate?

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Psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature and nurture, rather than from either of them acting alone.

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evolutionary psychology

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The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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behavior genetics

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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental ifnluences on behavior

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culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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The point to remember P-1

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Even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures, as they often do, the underlying causes are much the same

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Question P-4: What are psychology's levels of analysis and related perspectives?

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Three levels to behavior analysis: Biological influences, Psychological influences, Social-cultural influences

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Biopsychosocial approach

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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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Positive Psychology

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the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues tht help individuals and communities to thrive.

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levels of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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The point to remember P-2

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Like two-dimensional views of a three-dimensional object, each of psychology's perspectives is helpful. But each by itself fails to reveal the whole picture.

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Retrieval Practice P-4-1: What advnatage do we gain by using the biopsychosocial approach in studying psychological events?

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By incorporating different levels of analysis, the biopsychosocial approach can provide a more complete view than any one perspective could offer.

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Retrieval Practice P-4-2; social-cultural, behavioral

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The social-cultural perspecitve in psychology focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture, while the behavioral perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations

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Question P-5: What are psychology's main subfields?

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Headlines: basic research, applied research

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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biological psychologists

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Psychologists who explore the links between brain and mind

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developmental psychologists

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Psychologists who study our changing abilities from womb to tomb

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cognitive psychologists

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Psychologists who experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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personality psychologists

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Psychologists who ivestigate our persistent traits

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social psychologists

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Psychologists who explore how we view and affect one another

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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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Industrial-organizational psychologists

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Psychologists who use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems

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counseling psychology

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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clinical psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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psychiatry

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practised by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as welll as psychological therapy

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community psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social enviornments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

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Retrieval Practice P-5-1: Clinical psychology

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Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders but usually does not provide medical therapy.

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Retrieval practice P-5-2: Psychiatry

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Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

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Retrieval practice P-5-3: Community psychology

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Works to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all

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Question P-6: How can psychological principles help you learn and remember

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Headlines: testing effect, SQ3R, distribute your study time, learn to think critically, process class information actively, overlearn

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testing effect

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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practise effect or test-enhanced learning

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SQ3R

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a study mehod incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

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Retrieval practice P-6-1: testing effect

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The testing effect describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval (as in self-testing) rather than from simple rereading of new information

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Retrieval practice P-6-2: What does the acronym SQ3R stand for?

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Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review