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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Prodrome
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An early or premonitory symptom of a disease
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Define Morbidity
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The ration of sick:well people in a community
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Define Mortality Rate
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An estimate of the proportion of a population that dies during a specified period. "death rate"
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Define Epidemic
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The occurence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health- related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
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Define Pandemic
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Denoting a disease affecting or attaching the population of an extensive region, country, continent, global, extensively epidemic
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Define outbreak
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The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
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How is Hep A transmitted?
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Via the fecal-oral route
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How is Hep B transmitted?
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By infected blood, blood products, and sexual contact
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How is Hep C transmitted?
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By blood, blood products and IV drug use
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A pt comes in looking a little yellow in the skin (jaundice). Upon examination, you notice hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and liver tenderness. He also has a low-grade temp. What might you suspect?
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Pt has hepatitis
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You suspect a pt has hepatitis. What lab test would you run and what would it show if the pt is positive for hepititis?
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AST and ALT
- Normal ranges are less than 35 units/L - For positive results, the range will exceed 1000 units/L |
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What would be the appropriate treatment for a pt with hepatitis?
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- Supportive measures
- Adequate hydration - Rest - Referal and MEDEVAC; treatment is outside the scope of care for an IDC |
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What medication do you want to avoid when caring for a hepatitis patient?
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Tylenol - it is hepatoxic
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A pt comes to you complaining of sudden onset of loose watery stools, cramping, abdominal pain, and nausea. She stated recently traveled outside the US and may have "picked up something" from the water. What do you suspect she may have?
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Infectious Diarrhea
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What are the different types of non-inflammatory diarrhea?
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- Noroviruses/ Rotovirus
- Giardia Lamblia - Cryptosporidium - Cyclospora - Staphylococcus Aureus - Bacillus cereus - Vibro cholera |
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What are the different types of inflammatory diarrhea?
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- Cytomegalovirus
- Entamoeba histolitica - E. coli - Shigella - Campylobactor jejuni - Salmonella - Traveler's Disease |
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What is the primary cause of Traveler's Disease?
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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
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What type of lab would you want to run for a pt with infectious diarrhea?
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- Routine stool culture
- Fecal leukocytes - Possibly ovum and parasite exam |
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What is the treatment for a pt with infectious diarrhea?
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- Focus on rehydration
- Fluids should be given at a rate of 50-200 mL/kg/ 24 hours, depending on the hydration status of the pt - BRAT diet should also be considered |
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If an antibiotic is warranted, what medication would you give for a pt with infectious diarrhea?
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Fluroquinolones
- Ciprofloxacin 500 mg po bid x 5-7 days - Levofloxacin 500 mg po qd x 5-7 days - Septra DS 160/800 mg po bid x 5-7 days - Doxycycline 100 mg po bid x 5-7 days |
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When should you consider MEDADVICE or MEDEVAC for a pt with infectious diarrhea?
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- Fever > 101.3
- Abdominal pain - Bloody diarrhea - Severe dehydration |
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What are some complications for a pt with infectious diarrhea?
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- Dehydration
- Loss of electrolytes - Acute reanal failure - Death, if not treated |
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A pt comes to you complaining of an abrupt onset of fever/chills, malaise, cough, substernal soreness, headache, and myalgias (muscle pain). What do you suspect your pt has?
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Influenza
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How long is the incubation period for Influenza?
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Usually 24-96 hours with symptoms starting abruptly
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You suspect your pt has influenza. What do you expect to see on a CBC if they were positive?
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Decrease WBC count
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Epidemics of Influenza usually occur annually during what seasons?
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Fall and Winter
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In 1918, a virus adapted to infect the human population causing a pandemic. What was the disease?
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Influenza
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What is the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis?
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
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A pt presents with fever, sore throat, fatigue and malaise. Upon examination, you note cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and a maculopapular rash. What do you suspect your pt might have?
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Infectious mononucleosis
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What is the incubation period for Infectious mononucleosis?
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4-6 weeks with symptoms lasting one or several weeks in duration
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What lab test would you require and what would you see if a pt is positive for Infectious mononucleosis?
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- CBC: WBC will indicate lymphocytic leukocytosis with atypical lymphocytes present
- Monospot test |
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A pt is suspected to have Infectious mononucleosis. When do you want to want to collect the sample for the monospot test?
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Within 4 weeks after the onset of symptoms
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What is the treatment for Infectious mononucleosis?
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- Treat symptomatically with bedrest, Tylenol or NSAIDs, and saline gargles
- Place SIQ until symptoms subside and pt has sufficient energy to perform duties with no restrictions |
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What should be avoided due to the chance of splenic rupture for a pt with Infectious mononucleosis?
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Contact sports
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What would a pt present with if they were diagnosed with leishmaniasis?
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- Painless, moist ulcers
- Dry nodules - Cutaneous swelling may develope several weeks after a sand fly bite |
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Where is leishmaniasis most prevelent?
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- Middle East (Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, or Syria) or South America (Brazil or Peru)
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What is the proper treatment for leishmaniasis?
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Refer to an infectious disease specialist
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A pt presents to medical with erythema migrans, arthalgias (joint pain), arthritis, and myalgias. He states he was out in the woods camping a couple weeks ago. What would be the likely diagnosis?
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Lyme's disease
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A red, macular rash appears when and where before spreading to the rest of the body for a pt with Lyme's disease or Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Between the 2nd and 6th day of fever on the wrists and ankles
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What is the bacteria that causes Lyme's disease and how is it transmitted?
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Spirochete bacterium B. Burgdorferi and it is transmitted from the bite of a tick, usually a deer tick
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What is the bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and how is it transmitted?
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R. Rickettsii and it transmitted through a number of ticks
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How many phases of Lyme's disease are there?
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3
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What are the expected findings for phase 1 of Lyme's disease?
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Flu- like symptoms followed by a localized rash, Erythema Migrans or "bulls eye"
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What are the expected findings for phase 2 of Lyme's disease?
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- Skin lesions may appear unassociated with the Erythema Migrans that appeared earlier
- May manifest into Bell's palsy, myocarditis, arryhythmias, meningitis |
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What are the expected findings for phase 3 of Lyme's disease?
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- May occur months or years later after infection.
- Manifest as musculockeletal complaints |
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What are the DDX for Lyme's disease?
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- Reiter's syndrome
- Ehrlichiosis - Idiopathic - Bell's palsy |
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What are the DDX for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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- Measles
- Staphylococcal Bacteremia - Hepatitis - Leptospirosis - Meningococcemia - Infectious mononucleosis |
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What is the treatment for Lyme's disease?
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Doxycycline 100 mg po bid for 14 to 21 days
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What is the treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Doxycycline 100 mg po bid for 7-14 days
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What instruction should you look at for guidance on TB?
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BUMEDINST 6224.8
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How do the majority of MRSA infections present?
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- As skin infections that appear as pustules or boils which often have accompanying erythema, edema, and pain
- May appear as a bug bite or mimic a pimple |
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What does MRSA stand for?
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Methlicillin-Resistant Staphlococcus Aureus
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What is the mainstay of therapy for an abcess?
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I&D
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What should you collect before administering antibiotics for MRSA?
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A wound culture
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What antibiotics would you consider using for a MRSA infection?
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- Septra DS 160/800 mg po bid x 5-10 days
- Clindamycin 300-600 mg po bid x 5-10 days - Doxycycline 100 mg po bid x 10 days - Minocycline 100 mg po bid x 10 days - Linezolid 600 mg po bid x 10 days |
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What is the most frequent complication of MRSA?
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Cellulitis
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How are malaria parasites identified?
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In blood smears
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What are the different strans of bacteria that cause malaria?
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- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium ovale - Plasmodium falciparum (most severe form) - Plasmodium malariae |
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How is malaria diagnosed?
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Use of a microscope with show parasites in the blood
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Who are most likely to contract Anthrax?
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Those that work with animals, i.e. farmers, vets
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What is anthrax?
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An acute bacterial disease that usually affects the skin but may involve the respiratory tract in rare cases
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What is the appropriate treatment for a pt with anthrax?
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- Refer to an infectious disease specialist
- Antibiotics: * Ciprofloxin 500 mg po bid x 7-10 days * Levofloxin 500 mg IV/PO qd x 7-10 days * Doxycycline 100 mg po bid x 7-10 days |
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What are the clinical signs of tetnaus?
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Muscle stiffness, usually involves the jaw and neck and then becomes generalized
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How does the tetnaus toxins affect the body?
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- It interferes with the release of neurotransmitters, blocking inhibitor impulses
- Leads to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm - Seizures may occur - Autonomic nervous system may be affected |
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What is paramount for testing for rabies?
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- Capturing the offending wild animal.
- The head is the most important part |
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Can influenza result in oral candidiasis?
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No
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A pt complains of gray-colored greasy stools,low grade fever, flatulence, and abdominal pain. He states that he drank from an untreated stream. What would be the likely diagnosis?
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Giardia lamblia
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What is the best prevention against giardia?
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Boil water or treat water prior to consumption
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A pt complains of abrupt onset of painless profuse rice-water stools. What would the likely diagnosis for this pt?
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Vibro cholera
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If you suspect a pt has influenza during the month of July, what test would you perform and why?
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A rapid influenza test is needed due to the vaccine not being available
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this is a test card
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please ignore!
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