I&d Week 1 Trimmings

Front 1

Structure of human parvovirus

Back 1

Family: Parvoviridae
No envelope
ssDNA

Front 2

Strucutre of herpes simplex virus

Back 2

Family: Herpesviridae
Symmetry: Icosahedral
Enveloped
dsDNA

Front 3

Structure of vaccinia virus

Back 3

Family: Poxviridae
Symmetry: complex
Enveloped
dsDNA

Front 4

Structure of adenovirus

Back 4

Family: Adenoviridae
Symmetry: Icosahedral
No envelope
dsDNA

Front 5

Parvovirus is a ss/ds DNA/RNA virus

Back 5

ssDNA

Front 6

herpes viruses, hep B, papilloma and adenovirus are ss/ds DNA/RNA viruses

Back 6

dsDNA

Front 7

Picorna virus, rubella virus, hepatitis C, HIV, SARS, influenza, measles and mups are ss/ds DNA/RNA viruses

Back 7

ssRNA

Front 8

Rotavirus is a ss/ds DNA/RNA virus

Back 8

dsRNA

Front 9

S. aureus
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 9

Genus: Staphlococcus
Shape/reproduction: Clusters
Respiration: Aerobic
Shape: Cocci
Staining: Gram-positive

Front 10

S. faecalis
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 10

Genus: Streptococcus
Shape/reproduction: Chains/pairs
Respiration: anaerobic
Shape: cocci
Staining: Gram-positive

Front 11

P. magnus
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 11

Genus: Peptococcus
Shape/reproduction:-
Respiration: Anaerobic
Shape: Cocci
Staining: Gram-positive

Front 12

B. anthracis
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 12

Genus: Bacillus
Shape/reproduction: Sporing
Respiration: Aerobic
Shape: Bacilli
Staining: Gram-positive

Front 13

L. monocytogenes
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 13

Genus: Listeria
Shape/reproduction: Non-sporing
Respiration: Aerobic
Shape: Bacilli
Staining: Gram-positive

Front 14

C. tetani
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 14

Genus: Clostridium
Shape/reproduction: Sporing
Respiration: Anaerobic
Shape: Bacilli
Staining: Gram-positive

Front 15

P. acnes
Genus:
Shape/reproduction:
Respiration:
Shape:
Staining:

Back 15

Genus: Propionibacterium
Shape/reproduction: Non-sporing
Respiration: Anaerobic
Shape: Bacilli
Staining:

Front 16

Example of gram-positive cocci

Back 16

Streptococci

Front 17

Example of gram-positive rods

Back 17

Listeria

Front 18

Example of gram-negative rods

Back 18

E. coli

Front 19

Example of gram-negative cocci

Back 19

Neisseria

Front 20

What causes black hairy tongue? Is it common? What's it an example of?

2009131110

Back 20

Aspergillus. Rare UNLESS immunosuppressed

Example of overgrowth of exogenous (outside production) organism

Front 21

What is the most significant protozoal disease?

Back 21

Malaria

Front 22

How are protozoal diseases often acquired?

Back 22

Via infected food, water, or by insect vectors (malaria)

Front 23

Arthropods include:

Back 23

Insects, ticks and mites

Front 24

What are hydatid cysts caused by? What's a common site for them?

Back 24

Caused by tapeworm - Echinococcus.
Lung is a common site

Front 25

Give an example of a commensal organism in man's large intestine

Back 25

Bacteroides spp.

Front 26

Give an example of parasitism inside man's large intestine

Back 26

Entamoeba histolytica

Front 27

Give an example of mutualism in the rumen of cattle

Back 27

Bacteroides spp.

Bacteria metabolise host food to fatty acid - used as energy source

Front 28

What are the chemical and physical antimicrobial defences on man? (4)

Back 28

Mucus, cilia lining trachea, acid in stomach, skin

Front 29

What are the biochemical antimicrobial defences on man? (4)

Back 29

Lysozyme (tears, nasal secretions, saliva), sebaceous gland secretions, commensal organisms in gut and vagina, spermine in semen

Front 30

What ecological factors influence flora? (7)

Back 30

Humidity, pH, attachment/retention, oxygen tension, host inhibitors, microbial inhibitors, nutrients

Front 31

Give examples of commensal flora in the nose (6)

Back 31

Gram positive cocci

Staph aureus
Staph epidermidis
Diphtheroids
Streptococci
Coryneform bacteria
Maybe MRSA

Front 32

Give examples of commensal flora in the mouth (3)

Back 32

Strep. mitis (and other streptococci)
Trichomonas tenax
Candida

Front 33

Give an example of commensal flora that might be in the lung

Back 33

?Pneumocystis jiroveci

Front 34

Give examples of commensal flora in the urethra and vagina (4)

Back 34

Straphlococcus epidermidis
Diptheroids
Streptococci
Gram-negative rods

Front 35

Give examples of commensal flora in the skin (11)

Back 35

Mainly gram positive cocci

Staph. epidermidis
Staph. aureus
Diptheroids
Streptococci
Pseudomorias
Aeruginosa
Anaerobes
Candida
Torulopsis
Pityrosporum
Proprionibacterium acnes

Front 36

Give example of commensal flora in the throat (8)

Back 36

Strep. viridans
Strep. pyogenes
Strep. pneumonae
Neisseria spp.
Staphlococcus
Epidermidis
Haemophilus
Influenzae

Front 37

Give examples of human commensal flora in the teeth (5)

Back 37

Gram-negative rods

Steptococcus mutans
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Streptococci
Actinomyces

streptococci,
actinomycetes, very strict anaerobes
cocci, spirochaetes, yeasts

Front 38

Example of non-invasive pathogen that produces toxin. Also causes tetanus

Back 38

Clostridium tetani

Soil organisms which gain entry via wounds. Produce resistant endospores

Strict anaerobes

Front 39

Bacilli do not produce endospores T/F

Back 39

F

Front 40

What is a Microaerophile bacteria?

Back 40

Microaerophiles – ideal growth in reduced O2

Front 41

What is a Capnophiles bacteria?

Back 41

Capnophiles – ideal growth in increased CO2

Front 42

Campylobacter jejuni facts (4)

Back 42

Commonest cause of diarrhoea
Microaerophilic
Tension and thermophilic –
can grow at 42oC
Infection is via
contaminated water, milk or
food – especially poultry

Front 43

Chlamydia facts. What does it cause?

Back 43

small obligate intracellular
parasites

Gram negative cell wall

They have a unique
developmental cycle with
an infectious extracellular
elementary body and a
non-infectious intra

Chlamydiae
cause eye and cellular reticulate body
genital tract infections

C. trachomatis - genus of chlamydia

Front 44

Shape of Vibrio cholerae

Back 44

Single polar flagella
Comma shaped

Front 45

What are pili? Give an example of a bacterium that has it.

Back 45

Protein structures
that are important in
enabling pathogens to
attach to surfaces

Escherichia Coli

Front 46

Which bacterium produce endospores?

Back 46

Bacillus (aerobic)
and Clostridium (anaerobic)

Front 47

Bacillus are anaerobic/aerobic

Back 47

Aerobic

Front 48

Clostridium are aerobic/anaerobic

Back 48

Anaerobic

Front 49

What are spirochaetes?

Back 49

A phylum of gram negative bacteria

Front 50

What does Borrelia
recurrentis cause?

Back 50

Relapsing fever.

Front 51

What are Mycoplasmas?

Back 51

Smallest organisms capable of growth
on cell-free media

Lack a rigid cell wall

Typical ‘fried egg’
morphology

Require sterols for growth

Include four species that cause human disease:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
M. genitalium
M. hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum

Front 52

What are the four species of mycoplasma that cause disease?

Back 52

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
M. genitalium
M. hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum

Front 53

What can the fungi Cryptococcus
neoformans cause?

Back 53

Meningitis

Front 54

Aspergillus facts

Back 54

Mould

Pathogenic species:
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin - which is both a toxin and a carcinogen

Front 55

What is Alflatoxin?

Back 55

Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin - which is both a toxin and a carcinogen

Front 56

What is oral thrush caused by? What is oral thrush associated with?

Back 56

Candida spp

Associated with
antimicrobial therapy that
disturbs the commensal
bacterial flora and results
in fungal overgrowth

Front 57

Ringworm is an example of a ____________ infection

Back 57

Dermatophyte infection

Front 58

What is the malaria parasite called?

Back 58

Plasmodium

Front 59

What is Entamoeba histolytica? What is the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica?

Back 59

Anaerobic parasitic protozoan

(histo–lytic = tissue destroying), is pathogenic; infection can lead to amoebic dysentery or amoebic liver abscess

Front 60

What are the two major floral areas of the large bowel?

Back 60

Wall flora and lumen flora

Front 61

The gut contains approx 1000 species and is believed to be vital for
the development of the gut and systemic immune systems.

Back 61

Colonisation after birth with bifidobacteria (occurs in breast-fed
infants) protects against diarrhoea

Front 62

Clostridium difficile facts

Back 62

spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus
that is a strict anaerobe
• It lives in the gut as a minor member of the commensal flora
• The spores survive antibiotics so they can overgrow and cause
a serious infection that can be fatal – pseudomembranous colitis

Front 63

What is pseudomembranous colitis

Back 63

A gut infection caused by C. Diff

Characterised by offensive-smelling diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, life-threatening complications can develop, such as toxic megacolon.

Front 64

Males/females are more likely to get a urinary tract infection

Back 64

Females

Front 65

Sources or urinary tract infection

Back 65

Community acquired:
E. coli
Coagulase-negative staphlocci
Gram positives (Staphlococcus epidermidis, staph. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis)

Nosocomically (hospital acquired):
Candida
Proteius mirabilis
Other gram negatives (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Front 66

Syphilis cause

Back 66

Treponema pallidum

Front 67

Gonorrhoea cause

Back 67

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 68

Chlamydia cause

Back 68

Trachomatis

Front 69

Chancroid (an STI)

Back 69

Haemophilus ducreyi

Front 70

Syphilis and gonorrhoea can be readily treated with...

Back 70

..penicillin

Front 71

Systemic gonorrhoea effects

Back 71

Conjunctivitis of child 2-5 days after birth (opthalmia neonatorum)
Skin lesions
Endocarditis ( inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium.)
Female: Damage to fallopian tubes, pelvic inflammatory disease, anorectal infection
Male: Occasional epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis (a curved structure at the back of the testicle in which sperm matures and is stored) - can cause redness of scrotum)
Arthritis

Front 72

What is endocarditis?

Back 72

Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium.

Front 73

What is Toxoplasma gondii?

Back 73

Zoonotic protozoal infection acquired by eating cysts in undercooked meat or cat faeces

Congenital (persisting from birth) infections of foetus can lead to severe complications

Front 74

Microbes transmitted by infectious
aerosols

Back 74

Viruses
Influenza virus group
Rhinovirus group
Adenovirus group
Mumps virus
Measles virus
Rubella virus
Varicella zoster
Epstein-Barr virus

Bacteria:
Bordetella pertussis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Haemophilus influenzae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 75

Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive rod affected by which antibiotic?

Back 75

Bacitracin

Front 76

Pacillus polymyxa is a gram positive rod affected by which antibiotic?

Back 76

Polymyxin

Front 77

Penicillium notatum is a fungi affected by which antibiotic?

Back 77

Penicillin

Front 78

Cephalosporium spp is a fungi affected by which antibiotic?

Back 78

Cephalothin

Front 79

Actinomycetes:
Streptomyces venezuelae:

Back 79

Streptomyces venezuelae: Chloramphenicol

Front 80

Back 80

Photomicrograph of viral inclusion bodies (a.k.a. virus factories) due to a pox virus (vaccinia)

Front 81

Back 81

Papilloma (aka wart) virus
factory in cell nucleus

Front 82

Info on Hep B

Back 82

DNA virus BUT unusual complex replication cycle involving an RNA intermediate.

Uses reverse transcriptase (RT)

Seventh group of Baltimore classification

NB HIV and hepatitis B viruses both use RT in their infectious cycle and are known collectively as reversiviruses as the infectious cycle involves a step reversing from RNA to DNA

Front 83

Example of Nucleic acid inhibitor antibiotics

Back 83

ribavirin, zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine and stavudine, acyclovir, ganciclovir and foscarnet, idoxuridine and trifluridine, vidarabine, famciclovir and valaciclovir

Front 84

Viral protease inhibitors

Back 84

saquinavir, ritonavir (HIV)

Front 85

What are the three groups of beta-lactams?

Front 86

Which bacteria never produce beta-lactamases?

Back 86

Gram positive rods (e.g. Listeria, Corynebacteria),
Streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis, Treponema, Most
anaerobes

Front 87

Which are the bacteria that do have beta-lactamases?

Back 87

Staphylococci (S. aureus and coagulase-negative
staphylococci)

Front 88

Ribavirin treats:

Back 88

Influenza A, B, C, & respiratory syncytial virus)

Front 89

Zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine and stavudine treat:

Back 89

HIV

Front 90

Acyclovir treats:

Back 90

Systemic treatments of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus

Front 91

Ganciclovir and foscarnet treat

Back 91

Cytomegalovirus

Front 92

Idoxuridine and trifluridine treat

Back 92

Tropical treatment of herpetic keratitis

Front 93

Vidarabine, famciclovir and valaciclovir treat

Back 93

Oral treatment of varicella-zoster virus infections

Front 94

Back 94

Neutrophil

Front 95

Back 95

Monocyte/macrophage

Front 96

Back 96

NK Cell

Front 97

Back 97

Mast Cell

Front 98

What activates complement?

Back 98

C-reactive protein (CRP) and Mannose-binding lectin (MBL/MBP)

Front 99

What is serum amyloid P component?

Back 99

An amyloid ( insoluble fibrous protein aggregates sharing specific structural traits) precursor

Front 100

Back 100

Dendritic Cell

Front 101

What does Toxoplasma cause?

Back 101

Tissue cyst

Front 102

What kind of mosquitoes transmit malaria?

Back 102

Anopheles mosquitos

Front 103

Examples of protozoa

Back 103

• Malaria
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Trypanosomiasis
• Leishmaniasis
• Toxoplasmosis

Front 104

Four species that cause malaria

Back 104

– Plasmodium falciparum
– Plasmodium vivax
– Plasmodium ovale
– Plasmodium malariae

Falciparum malaria responsible for most
deaths and severe disease

Front 105

Facts about toxoplasmosis

Back 105

Toxoplasma gondii
• Obligate intracellular parasite
• Sexual cycle only occurs in cats but all vertebrates are
susceptible
• Non-feline hosts 2 critical phases of infection
– Acute flu like disease
– Establishment of chronic latent cysts
• Reactivation of cysts associated with
immunosuppression; HIV or transplantation
• Risk of congenital transmission during pregnancy

Front 106

Three species of Trichomonas. And result of T. vaginalis

Back 106

T. hominis
T. tenax
T. vaginalis

T. vaginalis results in inflammation and discharge

Front 107

What disease does Trypanosomiasis cause?

Back 107

Chags disease
--> Cardiac failure
Loss of nervous control of the gut

Front 108

Trypanosomiasis: Sub species and disease symptoms

Back 108

Trypanosoma brucei
-sub species: T.b. gambiense, T.b. rhodesiense

Fever, malaise (feeling of discomfort), anorexia, invasion of CNS --> Sleeping sickness

The sub species have coats associated with avoidance of host immune response

Front 109

What diseases do Lieshmaniaisis cause?

Back 109

Cutaneous diseases, deeper tissue may be
implicated

Simple cutaneous lesion localises at site of bite
resulting in a granulomatous response
• Epidermis fragile and prone to further physical
damage, ulceration and secondary infection

Front 110

Examples of cestodiasis (pathology due to worms in the gut)

Back 110

Diphyllobrothium latum

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium

Hymenolepis nana

Front 111

Which Filariasis cause lymphatic disease?

Back 111

Wucheria bancrofti, brugia malayi

Front 112

Which Filariasis cause blindness?

Back 112

Onchocerca volvulus, loa loa

Front 113

Back 113

Coenocytic hypha

Front 114

Back 114

Haustroium

Front 115

Back 115

Hypha

Front 116

Back 116

Mycelium

Front 117

Back 117

Septate hypha

Front 118

Back 118

Spore

Front 119

What are the three methods of fungal asexual spore formation?

Back 119

Blastospore (blastoconidium)
Chlamydospore (chlamydoconidium)
Arthrospores (arthroconidia)