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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cell mediated immunity?
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The term used to describe ADAPTIVE immune responses that do NOT involve antibodies
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What cells does cell mediated immunity involve?
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T cells
NOT B cells |
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T cells that carry CD4 recognise small peptides bound to MHC class II molecules on macrophages T/F
Or is it class I? |
T
2245171110 |
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What MHC class do macrophages express?
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Class II
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When T cells bind to the MHC class II-peptide complex, the T cell is stimulated to...
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Release cytokines (especially IFNγ)
This causes the macrophage to be more effective in killing the intracellular microbe |
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How does IFNγ, secreted by T cells when connected to phagocytes by the MHC class II-peptide complex, affect macrophages?
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It makes them more effective in killing the intracellular microbe
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If the phagocyte manages to overcome the intracellular microbe, they are said to recover because of...
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A cellular immune response
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The type of Th cell which helps macrophages to get rid of intracellular microbes is called a...cell
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Th1
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The type of cell that helps B cells to make antibodies are more often...
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Th2 cells (though the production of some classes of antibody are helped by Th1 cells)
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Which cytokines does Th1 produce?
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IFNγ and IFNβ
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What effect does IFNγ and IFNβ from Th1 cells have?
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They activate macrophages
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Which cytokines do Th2 cells produce?
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IL-4, IL13
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What is the function of IL-4 and IL-13, produced by Th2 cells?
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They act on B cells to promote their proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells
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Which cytokines do Th17 cells secrete?
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IL-17 and IL-22
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What is the function of IL-17 and Il-22, released by Th17 cells?
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The promote tissue inflammation
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Which cytokines promote tissue inflammation?
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IL-17 and IL-22 - released by Th17
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Cytotoxic T cells have CD8, what can CD8 recognise?
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Small peptides that are on the surface with MHC Class 1. They are from viruses inside the cell
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What causes a T cell to develop into a cytotoxic T cell?
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When antigen receptor on the T cell (TCR), recognises the MHC-peptide complex on the virus infected cell
(Peptide comes from virus, which is expressed on the cell membrane of the damaged cell as a signal) |
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What is a CTL?
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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
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What is perforin?
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A substance produced by CTLs which punches a hole in infected cells
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What are granzymes?
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Enzymes that are produced by the CTLs which are injected into the target cell through the perforin channels. Once inside, the granzymes activate other enzymes called caspases which mediate apoptosis
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Which enzyme mediates apoptosis? What activates it when the cell is infected with virus?
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Caspases mediate apoptosis. They are activated by granzyme.
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In addition to granule-dependent killing, CTL can also cause activation of caspases in the infected cells by...
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A death receptor-dependent pathway involving activation of FasL (Fas ligand) on the CTL with the death receptor Fas on the infected cell
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What is FasL?
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The Fas ligand. It is on the CTL, and binds to the death receptor Fas on the infected cell. This activates caspases, causing apoptosis
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What are the two ways CTLs can induce apoptosis in infected cells?
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Via the death receptor-dependent (Fas/FasL) or the granule-dependent (perforin/granzyme) pathways
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What are the six major types of cytokine?
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Interleukins
Interferons Tumour necrosis factor Growth factors Colony stimulating factors Chemokines |
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Which cells particularly produce Interleukins?
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T cells (apart from IL-1 and IL-12 which are mainly produced by macrophages and DCs)
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Most interleukins are produced by T cells, but what are the two exceptions? And what produces them?
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Exceptions: IL-1 and IL-12, produced by macrophages and DCs
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What is the function of IL-1, IL-17 and IL-22?
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Pro-inflammatory
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What is the function of IL-2?
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Promotes T and B cell proliferation
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What is the function if IL-4?
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Promotes Th2 cell differentiation, class switches B-cells to IgE production
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What is the function of Il-10?
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Promotes B cell proliferation
Anti-inflammatory (suppresses Th1 cells) |
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What is the function of IL-12?
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Promotes Th1 cell differentiation
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What is the function of IL-13?
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Promotes B-cell proliferation
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What is the main source of IL-4?
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Th2 cells
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What is the main source of IL-10?
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Monocytes, Th2 and Treg cells
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What are the three main forms of interferon?
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IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ
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What is the function of interferon?
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To limit viral replication
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IFN-γ is mainly produced by...
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Th1 cells and NK cells
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Other than inhibiting viral replication, IFN-γ can also...
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Activate macrophages and downregulate Th2 cell activity
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Mainly involved in inflammation, showing considerable overlap with IL-1, but possessing some anti-tumour effects
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TNF (tumour necrosis factor)
Should've got that |
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Responsible for the maturation of the various kinds of white blood cells in the bone marrow
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Growth factors and Colony-stimulating factors
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Chemotactic cytokines involved in cell recruitment and localisation
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Chemokines
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Used therapeutically in chronic HepC infection and also effective against certain cancers (Kaposi's sarcoma and hairy cell leukaemia)
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IFN-α
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Used therapeutically in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and metatastic melanoma
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Il-2
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Treatment of bone marrow failure and development of new phagocytes following haematopioetic stem cell transplantation
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CSF (colony stimulating factors)
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An acute inflammatory response which in some cases can lead to a severe drop in blood pressure and death
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High levels of TNF
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Used to treat a number of inflammatory conditions
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Cytokine inhibitors (e.g. anti-TNF in rheumatoid arthritis)
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