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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 factors in metabolic syndrome
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insulin resistance
hypertension dyslipidemia |
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___ is thought to underly metabolic syndrome
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insulin resistance
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5 criteria for metabolic syndrome
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abdominal obesity
high TG low HDL BP > 130/85 fasting glucose >100mg% |
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in addition to those in criteria, ___ is a characteristic of metabolic sydrome
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proinflammatory/prothrombotic state
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BMI of ___ is overweight
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>=25
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in HTh, arcuate nucleus talks to ___ with 2 kinds of cells: ___ and ___.
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paraventricular nucleus
alpha-MSH releasing NPY releasing |
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___ cells increase appetite and ___ cells decrease it.
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NPY releasing
alpha-MSH releasing |
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NPY releasing cells also make ___.
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AgRP
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___ from the stomach acts on ___ receptors on ___ cells to cause ___.
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ghrelin
excitatory NPY/AgRP appetite |
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___ (2) bind excitatory receptors on ___ cells to cause ___, and inhibitory receptors on ___ cells to cause ___.
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insulin
leptin alpha-MSH appetite suppression NPY appetite suppression |
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alpha-MSH acts on PVN via ___.
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MC4R
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monogenic obesity can be caused by mutations in (5)
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leptin
leptin receptor POMC MC4R prohormone convertase 1/3 |
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MC4R is antagonized by ___
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AgRP
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leptin deficiency is associated with (3)
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obesity
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism immunodeficiency |
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POMC deficiency is associated with
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obesity
red hair adrenal insufficiency |
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___ from the large intestine binds ___ receptors on ___ cells to cause ___.
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PYY
inhibitory NPY/AgRP appetite suppression |
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___ from the duodenum acts on ___ to cause ___.
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CCK
vagus appetite suppression |
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BDNF is ___. it is released by ___ cells in the ___ in response to ___, and suppressed in response to ___.
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brain-derived neurotrophic factor
TRH-secreting HTh PVN alpha MSH NPY |
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treatment for POMC deficiency includes ___
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glucocorticoid replacement
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most common cause of monogenic obesity is ___
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MC4R mutation
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MC4R mutation is ___ trait
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AD
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MC4R blockade causes increased/decreased thermogenesis
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decreased
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MC4R blockade causes ___ (3) in adipocytes
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increased TAG synthesis
increased TAG uptake increased glucose uptake |
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MC4R blockade causes ___ (3) in muscle cells
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increased TAG content
increased TAG uptake decreased glucose uptake |
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MC4R blockade causes ___ (2) in liver
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increased TAG content
increased lipoprotein synthesis |
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___ and ___ are endocannabinoids. they bind ___ receptors.
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anandamide
2-arachidonoylglycerol GPLR |
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the most common endocannabinoid receptor is ___. it is present in ___ (4)
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CB1
brain fat muscle liver |
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in brain, ECs are synthesized in ___ cell and bind receptors on ___ cell.
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postsynaptic
presynaptic |
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upregulation of EC system in HTh causes ___ and in NAcc causes ___
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hunger
"motivation to eat" |
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upregulation of EC system in peripheral tissues causes
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insulin resistance
decreased HDL increased TAG decreased adiponectin |
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3 hormones controlling GH release
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GHRH
ghrelin somatostatin |
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weight loss ___s ghrelin release, but gastric bypass ___s it.
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elevates
depresses |
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obese have a ___ ratio of ___ to ___. after weight loss the ratio ___s.
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high
firmicutes bacteroidetes falls |
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mice with transplanted enterobacteria from ob/ob mice extract more/less energy from food
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more
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