Ibsl Replication, Transcription, And Translation

Front 1

RNA polymerase

Back 1

used in transcription; breaks hydrogen bonds between strands of DNA; catalyzes reaction to covalently connect sugars and phosphates in the backbone of the new RNA strand; works 5' to 3'

Front 2

Helicase

Back 2

used in replication; breaks the hydrogen bonds between strands of DNA

Front 3

DNA polymerase III

Back 3

used in replication; catalyzes reaction to covalently connect sugars and phosphates in the backbone of the new DNA strand; works 5' to 3'

Front 4

origin of replication

Back 4

where replication starts; helicase starts opening the DNA here

Front 5

replication bubble

Back 5

area where replication is happening

Front 6

promoter

Back 6

area on DNA where transcription starts

Front 7

terminator

Back 7

area on DNA where transcription ends

Front 8

start codon

Back 8

area on mRNA where translation starts; near 5' end

Front 9

stop codon

Back 9

area on mRNA where translation ends; near 3' end

Front 10

introns

Back 10

parts of the mRNA that will be removed during mRNA procressing in order to make mature mRNA

Front 11

exons

Back 11

parts of the mRNA that will be kept and spliced together during mRNA procressing in order to make mature mRNA

Front 12

sense strand

Back 12

the DNA strand that has the same base sequence as te mRNA that will be made using that gene with uracil instead of thymine; NOT transcribed

Front 13

antisense strand

Back 13

the DNA strand that is transcribed

Front 14

peptide bond

Back 14

the bond made between amino acids; created during translation

Front 15

semi-conservative

Back 15

term describing DNA replication; each DNA molecule that results from replication will have one old strand and one new strand

Front 16

codon

Back 16

three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA; can instruct ribosome to start, stop, or put in a particular amino acid

Front 17

anticodon

Back 17

three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA; determines which mRNA codon it can bind to and which amino acid the tRNA-activating enzyme will attach to it

Front 18

free ribosomes

Back 18

ribosomes in cytoplasm; make proteins for use in cell

Front 19

bound ribosomes

Back 19

ribosomes attached to rough ER; synthesize proteins for secretion or for lysosomes

Front 20

Explain DNA replication (SL level)

Back 20

Helicase unwinds the double helix, separating the two strands of DNA. Complemenatary DNA nucleotides bind to the DNA strands using hydrogen bonds (A with T, G with C). DNA polymerase connects the sugars and phospate of the nucleotides in the new strand with covalent bonds using a condensation reaction. (Animation: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio23.swf)

Front 21

Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA

Back 21

Complementary bases pair with the old DNA strands. This will result in both resulting DNA double helices being the same as the parent DNA. Therefore, the complementary base pairing is essential in conserving the base sequence of DNA . This is a level 3 objective, so you’ll want to be able to explain this thoroughly.

Front 22

Is DNA replication conservative or semi-conservative?

Back 22

semi-conservative

Front 23

Compare the structure of DNA and RNA (level 3 objective)

Back 23

DNA: deoxyribose sugar; ATGC bases; 2 strands. RNA: ribose sugar; AUGC bases; 1 strand. Know the structures if the sugars. In both cases the base is attached to the 1' carbon of the sugar in the nucleotide and the phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon in the nucleotide

Front 24

Outline DNA transcription

Back 24

RNA polymerase separates the strands of DNA for the gene. Complemenatary RNA nucleotides bind to the nontemplate DNA strand using hydrogen bonds (A with T (in DNA) or U(in RNA), G with C). RNA polymerase connects the sugars and phospate of the nucleotides in the new strand with covalent bonds using a condensation reaction. The hydrogen bonds that connect the RNA to DNA are broken and the RNA floats away. The DNA strands bond together again.

Front 25

Describe the genetic code

Back 25

The genetic code is composed of codons (on mRNA) that are made of triplets (groups of 3) of bases. There are 3 types of codons. Start codons tell the ribosome to start making a protein. Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. The remaining codons tell the ribosome which amino acid to put in. The genetic code is degenerate - having more than one base triplet (codon) to code for one amino acid. However, the genetic code is not ambiguous—each codon has only one action associated with it.. The genetic code is universal - found in all living organisms. You should be able to use the codon table to answer questions. (Do NOT memorize the codon table! :) ) The mRNA is made from DNA by transcription, so the sequence of DNA determines what protein will be made.

Front 26

Explain the process of translation

Back 26

Translation occurs at the ribosome and leads to polypeptide formation. First, mRNA attaches to the ribosome at the start codon . The ribosome goes down the mRNA one codon at a time, adding amino acids. As it gets to each codon: 1. tRNA (carrying an amino acid) with an anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon comes into the ribosome & codon and anticodon hydrogen bond to hold them temporarily in place, 2. the ribosome does a hydrolysis reaction to separate the amino acid from the tRNA 3. the ribosome does a condensation reaction to attach the amino acid to the growing protein, 4. the ribosome moves on to the next codon on the mRNA. The tRNA (with no amino acid) leaves the ribosome.Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.Once a protein is made the tRNA, mRNA, protein and ribosomes separate. The protein folds up and does its job, the mRNA and ribosomes are reused, and tRNA is recycled…a new amino acid is put on it.

Front 27

Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide

Back 27

The theory: One gene provides the information necessary to build one polypeptide. Some proteins have multiple polypeptides and therefore require multiple genes. Exceptions: 1. Some genes code for tRNA, rRNA, and other small types of RNA which do not produce polypeptides. 2. Some genes control the expression of other genes.