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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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active solar collection
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The use of the Sun's energy to heat up water and air directly
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adaption
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a solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
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aeration
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the incorporation of gas into a food product. it may be air, which is often beaten in, or carbon dioxide, which can be introduced under pressure (i.e. to aerate water) or by the action of yeast (i.e. in bread)
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aesthetic-usability effect
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A condition whereby users perceive more aesthetically pleasing designs to be easier to use than less aesthetically pleasing designs.
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algorithm
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a sequence of instructions to describe a set of actions
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alloy
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a mixture that contains at least one metal. This can be a mixture of metals or a mixture or metals and non metals.
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amino acid
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in chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. In biochem, this shorter and more general term is frequently used to refer to alpha amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, the so-called a-carbon (alpha-carbon)
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Analogy
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the transfer of an idea from one context to another
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animation
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the ability to link graphic screens together in such a way as to simulate motion or a process
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anthropometrics
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the aspect of ergonomics that deals with body measurements, particularly those of size, strength and physical capacity
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Appearance prototype
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an appearance prototype, or appearance model, is a physical representation of an object that literally appears like the production product. However, it does not function and is made from wood, foam, clay or other prototyping materials.
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appropriate technology
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technology appropriate to the context in which it is applied. Appropriate technologies are low in capital cost, use local materials wherever possible, create jobs using local skills and labor, involve decentralized renewable energy sources, make technology understandable to the people who use it, are flexible and are not detrimental to quality of life or the environment.
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artificial intelligence
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a computer-based machine or robot that has the ability to learn from information gained through feedback.
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assembly-line production
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The mass production of a product via a flow line based on the interchangeability of parts, pre-processing of materials, standardization and work division.
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atom
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the smallest part of an element that can exist chemically.
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attribute listing
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attribute listing identifies the key attributes of a product or process and then enables designers to think of ways to change, modify or improve each attribute.
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automation
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a volume production process involving machines controlled by computers.
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bandwidth
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the width of the electromagnetic spectrum that a signal occupies
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batch production
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limited volume production ( a set number of items to be produced)
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biocompatibility
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the property of being biologically compatible by not producing a toxic, injurious or immunological response in living tissue
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biological value
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the biological value of a protein refers to how much of the nitrogen content of food is retained by the body. The biological value of proteins ranges from 50% to 100% and is a measure of how much dietary protein source can support growth
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biomechanics
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the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms
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biomimetics
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the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology
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bit rate
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the number of bits per second produced by a digital system
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black water
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water that contains animal, human or food waste and would not be reused for other purposes.
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body mass index(BMI)
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a measurement of the relative percentages of fat and muscle mass in the human body, in which weight in kilograms is divided by height in meters and the result used as an index of obesity.
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bottom up modeling
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a designer creates part geometry independent of the assembly or any other component. although there are often some design criteria established before modeling the part, this information is not shared between models. Once all part models are completed, they are brought together for the first time in the assembly
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brainstorming
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a form of group think. a group with a recommended size of 10-12 people first devises wild ideas, all of which are written down. no criticism or evaluation is allowed until this is finished, as it is impossible to be creative and critical at the same time. the ideas are then criticized and evaluated.
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brand
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a brand is a product from a known source(organization). the name of the organization can also serve as a brand name.
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building envelope
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The exterior surface of a building's construction: the walls, windows, roof and floor. Also referred to as "building shell"
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Charge
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The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and constructed as an excess or deficiency of electrons and is measured in coulombs
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coagulation of protein
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the exposure of a protein to heat or acid, which results in irreversible changes that reduce solubility and change optical characteristics.
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active solar collection
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The use of the Sun's energy to heat up water and air directly
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adaption
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a solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
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aeration
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the incorporation of gas into a food product. it may be air, which is often beaten in, or carbon dioxide, which can be introduced under pressure (i.e. to aerate water) or by the action of yeast (i.e. in bread)
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aesthetic-usability effect
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A condition whereby users perceive more aesthetically pleasing designs to be easier to use than less aesthetically pleasing designs.
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algorithm
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a sequence of instructions to describe a set of actions
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alloy
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a mixture that contains at least one metal. This can be a mixture of metals or a mixture or metals and non metals.
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amino acid
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in chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. In biochem, this shorter and more general term is frequently used to refer to alpha amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, the so-called a-carbon (alpha-carbon)
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Analogy
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the transfer of an idea from one context to another
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animation
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the ability to link graphic screens together in such a way as to simulate motion or a process
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anthropometrics
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the aspect of ergonomics that deals with body measurements, particularly those of size, strength and physical capacity
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Appearance prototype
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an appearance prototype, or appearance model, is a physical representation of an object that literally appears like the production product. However, it does not function and is made from wood, foam, clay or other prototyping materials.
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appropriate technology
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technology appropriate to the context in which it is applied. Appropriate technologies are low in capital cost, use local materials wherever possible, create jobs using local skills and labor, involve decentralized renewable energy sources, make technology understandable to the people who use it, are flexible and are not detrimental to quality of life or the environment.
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artificial intelligence
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a computer-based machine or robot that has the ability to learn from information gained through feedback.
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assembly-line production
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The mass production of a product via a flow line based on the interchangeability of parts, pre-processing of materials, standardization and work division.
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atom
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the smallest part of an element that can exist chemically.
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attribute listing
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attribute listing identifies the key attributes of a product or process and then enables designers to think of ways to change, modify or improve each attribute.
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automation
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a volume production process involving machines controlled by computers.
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bandwidth
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the width of the electromagnetic spectrum that a signal occupies
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batch production
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limited volume production ( a set number of items to be produced)
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biocompatibility
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the property of being biologically compatible by not producing a toxic, injurious or immunological response in living tissue
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biological value
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the biological value of a protein refers to how much of the nitrogen content of food is retained by the body. The biological value of proteins ranges from 50% to 100% and is a measure of how much dietary protein source can support growth
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biomechanics
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the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms
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biomimetics
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the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology
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bit rate
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the number of bits per second produced by a digital system
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black water
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water that contains animal, human or food waste and would not be reused for other purposes.
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body mass index(BMI)
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a measurement of the relative percentages of fat and muscle mass in the human body, in which weight in kilograms is divided by height in meters and the result used as an index of obesity.
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bottom up modeling
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a designer creates part geometry independent of the assembly or any other component. although there are often some design criteria established before modeling the part, this information is not shared between models. Once all part models are completed, they are brought together for the first time in the assembly
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brainstorming
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a form of group think. a group with a recommended size of 10-12 people first devises wild ideas, all of which are written down. no criticism or evaluation is allowed until this is finished, as it is impossible to be creative and critical at the same time. the ideas are then criticized and evaluated.
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brand
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a brand is a product from a known source(organization). the name of the organization can also serve as a brand name.
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building envelope
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The exterior surface of a building's construction: the walls, windows, roof and floor. Also referred to as "building shell"
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Charge
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The quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and constructed as an excess or deficiency of electrons and is measured in coulombs
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coagulation of protein
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the exposure of a protein to heat or acid, which results in irreversible changes that reduce solubility and change optical characteristics.
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composite
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a mixture composed of two or more substances (materials) with one substance acting as the matrix or glue
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computer modeling
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a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system
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computer numerical control(CNC)
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refers specifically to the computer control of machines for the purpose of manufacturing complex parts in metals and other materials. Machines are controlled by a program commonly called a "G code". Each code is assigned to a particular operation or process. The codes control x,y,z movements and feed speeds.
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computer-aided design(CAD)
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the use of computers to aid the design process.
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computer-aided manufacture(CAM)
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the use of computers to aid manufacturing
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computer-integrated manufacture(CIM)
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a system of manufacturing that uses computers to integrate the processing of production, business and manufacturing in order to create more efficient production lines.
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constructive discontent
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analyzing a situation that would benefit from redesign, and working out a strategy for improving it.
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convergent technology
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the synergistic merging of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technologies and cognitive science.
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convergent thinking
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the ability to analyze information in order to select an answer from alternatives.
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corporate strategy
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long-term aims and objectives of a company and ways of achieving them by allocation of resources.
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cost-effectiveness
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the most efficient way of designing and producing a product from the manufacturer's point of view
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craft production
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a small-scale production process centered on manual skills.
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current
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the rate of flow of electrons
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Data reliability
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The completeness and accuracy of a data set that is being used to inform a design decision.
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day lighting
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The passive solar practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural sunlight provides effective internal illumination
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dematerialization
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the reduction of weight and use of materials
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demodulation
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the process of recovering the information contained, for example, in the human voice, which had been previously added to a suitable electromagnetic carrier.
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density
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the mass per unit volume of a material
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design for assembly
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designing taking account of assembly at various levels, for example, component to component, components into sub-assemblies and sub-assemblies into complete products
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design for manufacture
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designers design specifically for optimum use of existing manufacturing capability
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design for process
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designing to enable the product to be manufactured using a specific manufacturing process, for example, injecting molding.
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designing in relation to materials during processing
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die
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a tool used in the manufacture of parts by molding, forging, swaging or stamping processes
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diffusion in to the marketplace
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the wide acceptance (and sale) of a product
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digital human
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computer simulation of a variety of mechanical and biological aspects of the human body
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disaccharide
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a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharide molecules
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divergent thinking
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using creative ability to produce a wide range of possible solutions to a problem
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diversification
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involves a company both in the development of new products and in selling those products to new companies
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dominant design
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the design contains those implicit features of a product that are recognized as essential by a majority of manufacturers and purchasers
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draft angle
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the angle of taper, expressed in degrees (usually 5*-7*), given to the sides of the forging and the side walls of the die impression
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ductility
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the ability of a material to be drawn or extruded into a wire or other extended shape
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efficiency
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mechanical efficiency is the effectiveness of a simple machine
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electrical resistivity
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this is a measure of a material's ability to conduct electricity. A material with a low resistivity will conduct electricity. A material with a low resistivity will conduct electricity well
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ergonome
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a 2d physical anthropometric model based on a specific percentile, which is used with drawings of the same scale as the model to consider the relationship between the size of an object and people
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ergonomics
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the application of scientific information concerning the relationship of human beings to the design of objects, systems and environments
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essential
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a compound that cannot be made in the body but has to be provided ready-made in the diet, for example, vitamins, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids
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essential fatty acid
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fatty acids that are required in the human diet. This means that they cannot be synthesized by the body from other fatty acids and must be obtained from food
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expert appraisal
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the reliance on the knowledge and skills of an expert in the operation of the product
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exploded isometric drawing
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an isometric drawing of an object with more that one component that depicts how the parts of assemblies fit together
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fabric
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a material made up of a network of natural or artificial fibers formed by knitting, weaving or pressing into felt
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fashion
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a style or trend
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fatty acid
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fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain, usually straight
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feed speed
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the feed speed is the rate at which the cutting tool moves in x, y, and z paths
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fiber
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a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread with a length to thickness ratio of at least 80
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fiber structure
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a filamentous material long in relation to its width/breadth
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field trial
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a test of the performance of some new product under the conditions in which it will be used
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finite element analysis
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the calculation and simulation of unknown factors in products using CAD systems. For example, stimulating the stresses within a welded car part
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fixed costs
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the costs that must be paid out before production starts, for example, machinery. These costs do not change with the level of productions
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flash
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excess material on a molded part, forming a thin fan where two parts of the mold meet
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flow chart
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a schematic representation of a process
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food allergy
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hypersensitivity to dietary substances
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food hygiene
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all aspects of the processing, preparation, storage, cooking and serving of food to make sure that it is safe to eat.
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food insecurity
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low levels of food intake, which can be transitory seasonal or chronic
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food intolerance
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an adverse food-induced reaction that does not involve the immune system
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food spoilage
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food becoming unfit for consumption, for example, due to chemical or biological contamination
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freehand drawing
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the spontaneous representation of ideas on paper without the use of technical aids
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functional prototype
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a functional prototype or functional appearance model, is a prototype that looks like and works like a production product. Although they are made from prototype materials, these models stimulate actual finishes and colors as well as mechanisms
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G code
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Coordination-based code that also includes feed speed and stop/start.
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Gelatinizing
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The formation of a gel by using gelatin or by the heat-treatment of starch and water to break open the starch granules, for example, custard.
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Genetically modified organism
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A plant or animal in which the DNA has been altered through the insertion of genetic material from another source. Genetic modification is most often used in agricultural crops to increase the resistance to herbicides or to engineer pesticides into crops.
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Glycerol
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A sugar alcohol with three hydrophilic alcoholic hydroxyl groups. It is an important component of triglycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids.
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Green design
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Designing in a way that takes account of the environmental impact of the product throughout its life.
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Grey water
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Waste water generated from processes such as washing dishes, bathing, and laundry.
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haptic technology
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haptic technology is an emerging technology that interfaces the user via the sense of touch
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hardness
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the resistance a material offers to penetration or scratching
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human development index
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a comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, childbirth, and other factors for countries worldwide
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idea-pleasure
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pleasure derived from satisfying people's tastes, values and aspirations
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incremental design
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small changes to the design of a product that seem trivial but the cumulative effect of which over a longer period can be very significant
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industrial robot
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a flexible computer-operated machine that is able to perform a range of tasks in an efficient and accurate manner
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injection molding
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the direct introduction of molten plastic under pressure into a die, which then cools rapidly, allowing the formed object to be released form the mould
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innovation
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the business of putting an invention in the marketplace and making it a success
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intelligent building
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intelligent buildings apply technologies to improve the building environment and functionality for occupants and tenants while controlling costs to improve end-user security, comfort and accessibility and help user productivity
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intelligent fabric
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a fabric with technology-enhanced performance used in smart clothing, for example, enhanced stain resistance, breathability or incorporating input sensors
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invention
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the process of discovering a principle. A technical advance in a particular field often resulting in a novel product
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isometric drawing
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a 3D representation of an object drawn with the horizontal plane at 30* to the vertical plane
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just-in-case
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a situation where a company keeps a small stock of components or ones that take a long time to make, just in case of a rush order
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just-in-time
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a situation where a firm does not allocate space to the storage of components or completed items, but instead orders them when required. Large storage areas are not needed and items that are not ordered are not made
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life cycle analysis
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the assessment of the effect a product has on the environment from the initial concept to disposal
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lifestyle
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the way a person or group lives, including patterns of social relations, consumption, entertainment and dress
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lipid
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an organic compound that contains aliphatic hydrocarbons, essential for the structure and function of living cells. Examples include fats, waxes and steroids
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literature research
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the use of consumer reports and newspaper items to follow historical development. Useful sources of information could include cd-roms, such as encyclopedias and newspapers, or more specific disks, subject-specific magazines and manufacturers' information
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living building
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houses and offices designed to function like living organisms, specifically adapted to place and able to draw all of their requirements for energy and water from the surrounding sun, wind and rain.
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lone inverter
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an individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes isolated because he or she is engrossed with ideas that imply change and are resisted by others
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Machine tool step variable
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this applies to 3D profiling. It is the amount of tool that passes over work already cut and determines the quality of the finished surface. It is expressed as a percentage-the higher the quality, the higher the percentage.
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malnutrition
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the physiological condition resulting from inadequacy or imbalance in food intake or from poor absorption of food consumed
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manikin
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an anatomical 3D model of the human body
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manufacturing technique
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a specific manufacturing term, sometimes relating to one material group only
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market development
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finding new applications for existing products, thereby opening up new markets
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market penetration
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increasing sales to existing customers or finding new customers for an existing product
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market pull
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the initial impetus for the development of a new product is generated by a demand from the market
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market sector
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a broad way of categorizing the kinds of market the company is aiming for
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market segmentation
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markets divide up into smaller segments where the purchasers have similar characteristics and tastes
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mass customization
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a sophisticated CIM system that manufactures products to individual customer orders. The benefits of economy of scale are gained whether the order is for a single item or for thousands
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mass production
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the production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines, permitting very high rates of production per worker.
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mathematical model
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a model using mathematical symbols that can be manipulated numerically
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mechanical advantage
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this is the factor by which a machine multiplies the force put into it
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mechanization
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a volume production process involving machines controlled by humans
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micronutrient deficiency
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lack of essential vitamins and minerals resulting from unbalanced food intake and specific problems of food absorption
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minerals
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natural compounds formed through geological processes
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modulation
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the process of adding the information contained, for example, in the human voice to a suitable electromagnetic carrier
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molecule
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two or more atoms that are normally bonded together covalently
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monosaccharide
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the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of one sugar residue. They are the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides
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morphological synthesis
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morphological synthesis is an elaboration of attribute listing. After completing the list of attributes, list them along two sides of a 2D grid. Think creatively about how the attributes can be developed through new ideas in each of the cells to improve the design.
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motion capture technology
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the recording of human and animal movement by any means, for example, by video, magnetic or electro-mechanical devices
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multiplexing
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to combine multiple signals for transmission over a single line or medium
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nanotechnology
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refers to materials and devices that operate at the nanoscale. Nano means a billionth. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter
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negative saturation
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the most negative voltage the operational amplifier can output
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non-renewable resources
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a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown as it does not naturally re-form at a rate that makes its use sustainable, for example, coal, petroleum and natural gas
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numerical control
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automated machines that require data to be inputted manually by a trained operator
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obesity
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obesity is denied as an excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass. A body mass index of more than 20 is defined as obese by the world Health Organization
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one-off production
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an individual article or a prototype for larger-scale production
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organoleptic
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involving the use of sense organs
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orthographic drawing
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a series of flat views of an object showing it exactly as it is in shape and size
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overweight
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overweight refers to the increased body weight in relation to height, when compared to some standard of acceptable or desirable weight. A body mass index of more than 25 is defined as overweight by the world health organization overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat
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paper prototyping
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representative users perform realistic tasks by interacting with a paper version of the user-product interface that is manipulated by a person acting as a computer, who does not explain how the interface works
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parison
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a short length of extruded pipe for use in blow molding
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passive solar design
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the technique of heating and cooling building naturally without the use of mechanical equipment
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percentile range
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that proportion of a population with a dimension at or less than a given value
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performance test
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an evaluation of the actual performance of the task or learning objective using the conditions under which it will be performed and the absolute standard for acceptable performance
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permanent joining techniques
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a permanent join is a type of fastening that is not supposed to be removed. It is only possible to remove such joints by drilling, cutting, or grinding the joint away
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perspective drawing
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a 3D drawing that realistically represents an object by utilizing foreshortening and vanishing points
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physio-pleasure
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pleasure derived from the sensory organs, including pleasures connected with touch, taste, smell and sensual pleasure
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planned obsolescence
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a conscious act either to ensure a continuing market or to ensure that safety factors and new technologies can be incorporated into later versions of the product
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plastic deformations
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the permanent deformation of a solid subjected to a stress
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polysaccharide
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a polymer comprising many monosaccharide molecules joined by glycosidic links. For example, starch and cellulose
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population stereotypes
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responses that are found to be widespread in a user population
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positive saturation
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positive saturation is the most positive voltage an operational amplifier can output
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poverty
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deprivation of essential goods and services, for example, food, clothing, shelter and education, and a lack of sufficient income and wealth.
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product champion
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an influential individual, usually working within an organization, who develops an enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and "champions" it within that organization
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product development
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the creation of new, modified or updated products aimed mainly at a company's existing customers
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product family
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a group of products having common classification criteria. Members normally have many common parts and assemblies
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product stewardship
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everyone involved in making, selling, buying, or handling electronic equipment takes responsibility for minimizing environmental impact of the equipment at all stages in the life cycle
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programmable interface
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microchips that can be programmed by a computer to stimulate an integrated circuit. Having been programmed they can be disconnected from the computer and used in electronic projects to recognize a range of inputs and to control the project
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prosthesis
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an artificial limb, tooth or other part of the body manufactured to take the place of a missing or dysfunctional one
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protein
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a complex, high-molecular-weight, organic compound consisting of an amino acid joined by a peptide bond. Proteins make up the constituents of biological organisms
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psycho-pleasure
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pleasure derived from people's mental and emotional reactions to a product
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quality assurance
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this covers all activities from design to documentation. It also includes the regulation of quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management and inspection processes.
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quality control
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involved in development systems to ensure that products or services are designed and produced to meet or exceed customer requirements and expectations
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radical design
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where a completely new product is devised by going back to the roots of a problem and thinking about a solution in a different way
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reconditioning
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rebuilding a product so that it is an "as new" condition, and is generally used in the context of car engines and tires
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recycling
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recycling refers to using thee materials from obsolete products to create other products
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refresh rate
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how frequently an image is captured and transmitted
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renewable resources
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resources that are naturally replenished in a short time
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repair
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the reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing structure or device
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resistance
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the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current
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resolution
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a measure of the clarity of an image captured
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reuse
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reuse of a product in the same context or in a different context
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robust design
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flexible designs that can be adapted to changing technical and market requirements
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saturated fatty acid
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a fatty acid in which no double bonds are present between the carbons of the fatty acid chains
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service costs
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the cost required to maintain or repair a product or system
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socio-pleasure
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pleasure from relationships with others, for example, specific relationships with friends, loved ones, colleagues or like-minded people or with society as a whole when it is related to status and self-image
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solid modeling
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solid models are clear representations of the final part. They provide a complete set of data for the product to be realized
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sprue
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this is the passage through which a liquid material flows into a die, where it solidifies to form parts
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stiffness
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the resistance of an elastic body to deflection by an applied force
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sublimation printing process
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a two-step process in which paper is first printed with sublimation dyes and then heat and pressure are applied to the paper so that the image is transferred to another material, for example, fabric
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surface modeling
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a realistic picture of the final model, offering some machining data, surface models contain no data about the interior of the part
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sustainable development
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development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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technocautious
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someone who needs some convincing before embracing technological change
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technology push
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where the impetus for a new design emanates from a technological development
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technophile
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someone who immediately welcomes a technological change
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technophobe
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someone who resists all technological change
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tensile strength
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the ability of a material to withstand pulling forces.
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thermal conductivity
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a measure of how fast heat is conducted through a slab of material with a given temperature difference across the slab
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thermal expansion
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a measure of the degree of increase in dimensions when an object is heated. This can be measured by an increase in length, area, or volume. The expansivity can be measured as the fractional increase in dimension per Kelvin increase in temperature
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time constant
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the item required for the current voltage in a circuit to rise or fall exponentially through approximately 63% of its amplitude
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top down modeling
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top down design is a product development process obtained through 3D, parametric, and associative CAD systems. The main feature of this new method is that the design originates as a concept and gradually evolved into a complete product consisting of components and sub-assemblies
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torque
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rotational force commonly measured in units of Newton meters
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toughness
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the ability of a material to resist the propagation of cracks
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triple bottom line sustainability
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an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational success: economic, environmental, and social
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U value
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a measure of the thermal conductance of a material. The higher the U value, the greater the conduction
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undernourishment
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chronic food insecurity in which food intake is insufficient to meet basic energy requirements on a continuing basis
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undernutrition
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result of prolonged low level of food intake and/or poor absorption of food consumed. Manifestation include wasting, stunting or underweight, reduced cognitive ability, poor health status, and low productivity
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unsaturated fatty acid
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one in which there are double bonds present between the carbons of the fatty acid chains
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upgradeability
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how easily a system or product can be upgraded, that is, its performance enhanced
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user population
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the range of users for a particular product or system
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user research
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obtaining user's responses.
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user trial
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the observation of people using a product and collection of comments from people who have used a product
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value for money
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the relationship between what something, for example, a product, is worth and the cash amount spent on it
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variable costs
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costs that vary with output, for example, fuel or raw materials
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velocity ration
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a measurement of force amplification
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virtual reality
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the ability to stimulate a real situation on the screen and interact with it in a near-natural way
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vitamins
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organic molecules required by a living organism in minute amounts, but which the organism cannot synthesize
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voltage
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the difference in electrical potential between two points.
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water activity
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the water in food that is not bound to food molecules, which can support the growth of bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and is measured on a scale of - to 1.0
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work-space envelope
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a 3D space within which you carry out physical work activities when you are at a fixed location
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yarn
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a long continuous length of interlocked synthetic or natural fibers
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young's modulus
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the stiffness of a material
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