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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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active solar collection
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The use of the Sun’s energy to heat up water and air directly.
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adaptation
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A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another.
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aesthetic-usability effect
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A condition whereby users perceive more aesthetically pleasing designs to be easier to use than less aesthetically pleasing designs.
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algorithm
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A sequence of instructions to describe a set of actions.
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alloy
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A mixture that contains at least one metal. This can be a mixture of metals or a mixture of metals and non-metals.
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analogy
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The transfer of an idea from one context to another.
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animation
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The ability to link graphic screens together in such a way as way as to simulate motion or a process.
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Anthropometrics
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The aspect of ergonomics that deals with body measurements, particularly those of size, strength and physical capacity.
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appearance prototype
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An appearance prototype, or appearance model, is a physical representation of an object that literally appears like the production product. However, it does not function and is made from wood, foam, clay or other prototyping materials.
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appropriate technology
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Technology appropriate to the context in which it is applied. Appropriate technologies are low in capital cost, use local materials whenever possible, create jobs using local skills and labour, involve decentralized renewable energy sources, make technology understandable to the people who use it, are flexible, and are not detrimental to quality of life or the environment.
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artificial intelligence
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A computer-based machine or robot that has the ability to learn from information gained through feedback.
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assembly-line production
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The mass production of a product via a flow line based on the interchangeability of parts, pre-processing of materials, standardization and work division.
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atom
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The smallest part of an element that can exist chemically.
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attribute listing
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Attribute listing identifies the key attributes of a product or process and then enables designers to think of ways to change, modify or improve each attribute.
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automation
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Volume production process involving machines controlled by computers.
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bandwidth
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The width of the electromagnetic spectrum that a signal occupies.
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batch production
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Limited volume production (a set number of items to be produced).
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bio-compatibility
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The property of being biologically compatible by not producing a toxic, injurious or immunological response in living tissue.
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Biomechanics
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The research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms.
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biomimetics
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The application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
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“bottom up” modelling
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A designer creates part geometry independent of the assembly or any other component. Although there are often some design criteria established before modelling the part, this information is not shared between models. Once all part models are completed, they are brought together for the first time in the assembly.
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Brain-storming
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A form of group think. A group with a recommended size of 10-12 people first devises wild ideas, all of which are written down. No criticism or evaluation is allowed until this is finished, as it is impossible to be creative and critical at the same time. The ideas are then criticized and evaluated.
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building envelope
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The exterior surface of a building’s construction: the walls, windows, roof and floor. Also referred to as “building shell”.
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composite
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A mixture composed of two or more substances (materials) with one substance acting as the matrix or glue.
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CIM
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Computer integrated manufacturing.
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CNC
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Computer numerical control
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Constructive discontent
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Analyzing a situation that would benefit from redesign, and working out a strategy for improving it.
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convergent thinking
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The ability to analyse information in order to select an answer from alternatives.
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converging technology
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The synergistic merging of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technologies and cognitive science.
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corporate strategy
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Long-term aims and objectives of a company and ways of achieving them by allocation of resources.
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craft production
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A small-scale production process centred on manual skills.
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daylighting
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The passive solar practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural sunlight provides effective internal illumination.
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design for assembly
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Designing taking account for assembly at various levels, for example, component to component, components into sub-assemblies and sub-assemblies into complete product.
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design for disassembly
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Designing a product so that when it becomes obsolete it can easily and economically be taken apart, the components reused or repaired, and the materials recycled.
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DfM
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Designers design specifically for optimum use of existing manufacturing capability.
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design for materials
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Designing in relation to materials during processing.
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design for process
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Designing to enable the product to be manufactured using a specific manufacturing process, for example, injection moulding.
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die
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A tool used in the manufacture of parts by moulding, forging, swaging or stamping processes.
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diffusion
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The wide acceptance (and sale) of a product
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digital human
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Computer simulation of a variety of mechanical and biological aspects of the human body.
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divergent thinking
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Using creative ability to produce a wide range of possible solutions to a problem.
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Diversification
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Involves a company both in the development of new products and in selling those products to new companies.
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dominant design
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The design contains those implicit features of a product that are recognized as essential by a majority of manufacturers and purchasers.
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ductility
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Ability of a material to be drawn or extruded into a wire or extended shape.
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efficiency
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Mechanical efficiency is the effectiveness of a simple machine. (MA/VR)
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ergonome
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A 2D physical anthropometric model based on a specific percentile, which is used with drawings of the same scale as the model to consider the relationship between the size of an object and people.
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ergonomics
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The application of scientific information concerning the relationship of human beings to the design of objects, systems and environments.
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essential
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A compound that cannot be made in the body but has to be provided ready-made in the diet, for example, vitamins, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids.
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exploded isometric
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An isometric drawing of an object with more than one component that depicts how the parts of assemblies fit together.
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fabric
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A material made up of a network of natural or artificial fibres formed by knitting, weaving or pressing into felt.
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feed speed
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Feed speed is the rate at which the cutting tool moves in X, Y and Z paths.
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fibre
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A class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread with a length to thickness ratio of at least 80.
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field trial
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A test of the performance of some new product under the conditions in which it will be used.
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flash
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Excess material on a moulded part, forming a thin fan where two parts of the mould meet.
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flow chart
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A schematic representation of a process.
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freehand drawing
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The spontaneous representation of ideas on paper without the use of technical aids.
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functional prototype
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A functional prototype, or functional appearance model, is a prototype that “looks like” and “works like” a production product. Although they are made from prototype materials, these models simulate actual finishes and colours as well as mechanisms.
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green design
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Designing in a way that takes account of the environmental impact of the product throughout its life.
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haptic technology
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Haptic technology is an emerging technology that interfaces the user via the sense of touch.
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hardness
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The resistance a material offers to penetration or scratching.
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ideo pleasure
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Pleasure derived from satisfying people’s tastes values and aspirations.
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incremental design
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Small changes to the design of a product that seem trivial but the cumulative effect of which over a longer period can be very significant.
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innovation
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The business of putting an invention in the marketplace and making it a success.
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intelligent building
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Intelligent buildings apply technologies to improve the building environment and functionality for occupants and tenants while controlling costs to improve end-user security, comfort and accessibility and help user productivity.
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intelligent fabric
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A fabric with technology-enhanced performance used in smart clothing, for example, enhanced stain resistance, breathability or incorporating input sensors.
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invention
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The process of discovering a principle. A technical advance in a particular field often resulting in a novel product.
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isometric drawing
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A 3D representation of an object drawn with the horizontal plane at 30º to the vertical plane.
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Just-in-case (JIC)
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A situation where a company keeps a small stock of components (or complete items) or ones that take a long time to make, just in case of a rush order.
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Just-in-time (JIT)
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A situation where a firm does not allocate space to the storage of components or completed items, but instead orders them (or manufactures them) when required. Large storage areas are not needed and items that are not ordered are not made.
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Life cycle analysis
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The assessment of the effect a product has on the environment from the initial concept to disposal.
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literature search
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The use of consumer reports and newspaper items to follow historical development. Useful sources of information could include CD-Roms, such as encyclopedias and newspapers, or more specific disks, subject-specific magazines and manufacturer’s information.
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living building
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Houses and offices designed to function like living organisms, specifically adapted to place and able to use energy and water environmentally.
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lone inventor
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An individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a product and often becomes isolated because they are engrossed with ideas that imply change and are resisted by others.
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mannequin
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An anatomical 3D model of the human body.
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Market development
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Finding new applications for existing products, thereby opening up new markets.
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Market penetration
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Increasing sales to existing customers or finding new customers for an existing product.
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market pull
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The initial impetus for the development of a new product is generated by a demand from the market.
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market segmentization
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Markets divide up into smaller segments where the purchasers have similar characteristics and tastes.
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Mass customization
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A sophisticated CIM system that manufactures products to individual customer orders. The benefits of economy of scale are gained whether the order is for a single item or for thousands.
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Mass production
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The production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines, permitting very high rates of production per worker.
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Mathematical model
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A model using mathematical symbols that can be manipulated numerically.
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Mechanical Advantage
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This is the factor by which a machine multiplies the force put into it. (L/E)
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Mechanization
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A volume production process involving machines controlled by humans
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modulation
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The process of adding the information contained, for example, in the human voice to a suitable electromagnetic carrier.
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molecule
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Two or more atoms that are normally bonded together covalently.
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Morphological synthesis
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Morphological synthesis is an elaboration of attribute listing. After completing the list of attributes, list them along two sides of a 2D grid. Think creatively about how the attributes can be developed through new ideas in each of the cells to improve the design.
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Motion capture technology
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The recording of human and animal movement by any means, for example, by video, magnetic or electro-mechanical devices.
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multiplexing
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To combine multiple signals for transmission over a single line or medium.
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non-renewable resources
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A natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown as it does not naturally re-form at a rate that makes its use sustainable, for example, coal, petroleum and natural gas.
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Numerical Control (NC)
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Automated machines that require data to be inputted manually by a trained operator.
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One-off production
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An individual (often craft-produced) article or a prototype for larger-scale production.
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Organoleptic
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Involving the use of sense organs.
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Orthographic Drawing
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A series of flat views of an object showing it exactly as it is in shape and size.
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paper prototyping
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Representative users perform realistic tasks by interacting with a paper version of the user–product interface that is manipulated by a person acting as a computer, who does not explain how the interface works.
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parison
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A short length of extruded pipe for use in blow moulding.
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passive solar design
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The technique of heating and cooling a building naturally without the use of mechanical equipment.
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Performance test
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An evaluation of the actual performance of the task or learning objective using the conditions under which it will be performed and the absolute standard for acceptable performance.
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Perspective drawing
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A 3D drawing that realistically represents an object by utilizing foreshortening and vanishing points (usually imaginary ones).
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Physio-pleasure
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Pleasure derived from the sensory organs, including pleasures connected with touch, taste, smell and sensual pleasure.
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Planned obsolescence
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A conscious act either to ensure a continuing market or to ensure that safety factors and new technologies can be incorporated into later versions of the product.
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Population stereotypes
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Responses that are found to be widespread in a user population.
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Product Champion
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An influential individual, usually working within an organization, who develops an enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and “champions” it within that organization.
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Product development
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The creation of new, modified or updated products aimed mainly at a company’s existing customers.
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Product family
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A group of products having common classification criteria. Members normally have many common parts and assemblies.
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Product stewardship
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Everyone involved in making, selling, buying or handling electronic equipment takes responsibility for minimizing environmental impact of the equipment at all stages in the life cycle.
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psycho-pleasure
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Pleasure derived from people’s mental and emotional reactions to a product.
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quality assurance
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This covers all activities from design to documentation. It also includes the regulation of quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management and inspection processes.
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Quality control
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Involved in development systems to ensure that products or services are designed and produced to meet or exceed customer requirements and expectations.
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Radical design
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Where a completely new product is devised by going back to the roots of a problem and thinking about a solution in a different way.
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Reconditioning
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Rebuilding a product so that it is in an “as new” condition, and is generally used in the context of car engines and tyres.
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Recycling
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Recycling refers to using the materials from obsolete products to create other products
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Robust design
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Flexible designs that can be adapted to changing technical and market requirements.
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Socio-pleasure
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Pleasure from relationships with others, for example, specific relationships with friends, loved ones, colleagues or like-minded people or with society as a whole when it is related to status and self-image.
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sprue
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This is the passage through which a liquid material flows into a die, where it solidifies to form parts.
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stiffness
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The resistance of an elastic body to deflection by an applied force.
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sublimation printing process
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A two-step process in which paper is first printed with sublimation dyes and then heat and pressure are applied to the paper so that the image is transferred to another material, for example, fabric.
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sustainable development
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Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
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technocautious
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Someone who needs some convincing before embracing technological change.
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technology push
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Where the impetus for a new design emanates from a technological development.
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technophile
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Someone who immediately welcomes a technological change.
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technophobe
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Someone who resists all technological change.
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Tensile strength
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The ability of a material to withstand pulling forces.
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Thermal expansion (expansivity)
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A measure of the degree of increase in dimensions when an object is heated. This can be measured by an increase in length, area or volume. The expansivity can be measured as the fractional increase in dimension per kelvin increase in temperature.
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"top down" modeling
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“Top down” design is a product development process obtained through 3D, parametric and associative CAD systems. The main feature of this new method is that the design originates as a concept and gradually evolves into a complete product consisting of components and sub-assemblies.
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Torque
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“Rotational force” commonly measured in units of newton metres.
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toughness
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The ability of a material to resist the propagation of cracks.
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triple bottom line sustainability
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An expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational success: economic, environmental and social.
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User research
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Obtaining users’ responses.
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User trial
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The observation of people using a product and collection of comments from people who have used a product.
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U Value
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A measure of the thermal conductance of a material. The higher the U value, the greater the conduction.
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work-space envelope
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A 3D space within which you carry out physical work activities when you are at a fixed location.
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yarn
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A long continuous length of interlocked synthetic or natural fibres.
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Young's modulus
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The stiffness of a material. (forcexlength/DlengthxCSA) (stress/strain)
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Initial clean production
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end of pipe
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Proactive attempt at reducing environmental impact
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Life cycle analysis
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Cons of JIT
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traffic
Unresponsive to demand Vulnerable to fluctuating prices |
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Effects of automation on workers
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boredom
motionless ↓social ↓job satisfaction |
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Pros and cons of Mechanization
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Pros: Cost (LT), Quality, consistency, Efficeny
Cons: High set-up cost, ↓job-satisfaction, ↓skills, ↓conditions |
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Pros and cons of Batch Production
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Pros: Flexible processes, less capital
Cons: 'Down time', inefficiencies |
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Pros and cons of Mass Production
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Pros: Efficient steam, consistent quality, high quantity
Cons: unable to sustain low demand, high set-up costs, ↓job-satisfaction, Homogeneous |
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Pros and cons of Craft Production
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Pros: Client-made criteria, communication, valuable, flexible
Cons: Specialized, high cost, time |
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Pros and cons of Planned obsolescence
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Pros: continued market, high factor of safety, consumer choice
Cons: customer dissatisfaction, environmental impact, less value |
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Implications of Planned Obsolescence
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Product cannot be repaired
Product is made from permanent joints Product is made from unrecyclable materials Product is made from cheaper materials/processes |
