Set the Language

We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Please select the correct language below.

Front

Back

Flashcards
»
IB Biology Excretory System

Ib Biology Excretory System

by chika51219111, Jan. 2008

Subjects: biology excretory ib system

Favorite

Add to folder

Flag

Shuffle
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Alphabetize
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Front First
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Both Sides
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Read
Toggle On

Toggle Off

Reading...

Front

Card Range To Study

through

Play button

Progress

1/49

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

49 Cards in this Set

Front
Back

	1. Why is excretion important in all living things?	As plants and animals carry on their daily process, they build waste products that need to be eliminated.
	2. What are the organs of the excretory system? What do they excrete?	• The kidneys o The most important excrertory organs o Their primary excretory function is the removal of the nitrogenous waste products o If they fail, the body will start to acuumulate toxic wastes that will poisen the cell • The skin o sweat • The intestines o solid waste • The lungs o Old air  CO2
	3. What are the excretory products in plants? Animals?	• Plants: need to eliminate oxygen • Animals: need to eliminate both carbon dioxide and nitrogenous compounds.
	4. What is the function of the respiratory system?	• The system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide • The organs in the body involved in respiration. Air enters the body through the nose and mouth and travels down the trachea, through the bronchial tubes, and finally into the lungs. Once in the lungs, the air is drawn into an enormous number of thin-walled sacs richly supplied with capillaries. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood takes place in these tiny sacs.
	5. What ore the two systems involved in getting 02 in the body and CO2 out? How do they compliment each other?	• respiratory takes in O2 and lets out CO2 and • cardiovascular circulates O2 and picks up CO2, which is brought back to the respiratory system
	6 Explain the difference between ventilation, gas exchange and cellular’ respiration.	• Ventilation: a method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface. It maintains a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and low carbon dioxide as we breathe in and out. • Gas exchange: occurs between the aveoli and the capillaries by diffusion, oxygen passes from the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries to the alveoli. • Cell respiration: the chemical reaction that occurs inside the cell and that results in the controlled production of energy in the form of ATP.
	7. Draw a picture of the organs involved in the respiratory system. Label tne parts.	• Bronchi: The two main air passages into the lungs. • Diaphragm: The main muscle used for breathing; separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. • Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea (or windpipe). • Esophagus: The tube through which food passes from the mouth down into the stomach. • Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. • Intercostal muscles: Thin sheets of muscle between each rib that expand (when air is inhaled) and contract (when air is exhaled). • Larynx: Voice box. • Lungs: The two organs that extract oxygen from inhaled air and expel carbon dioxide in exhaled air. • Muscles attached to the diaphragm: These muscles help move the diaphragm up and down for breathing. • Nasal cavity: Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous membrane and contains tiny, surface hairs called cilia. respiratory system 6 Explain the difference between ventilation, gas exchange and cellular’ respiration. • Ventilation: a method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface. It maintains a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and low carbon dioxide as we breathe in and out. • Gas exchange: occurs between the aveoli and the capillaries by diffusion, oxygen passes from the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries to the alveoli. • Cell respiration: the chemical reaction that occurs inside the cell and that results in the controlled production of energy in the form of ATP. 7. Draw a picture of the organs involved in the respiratory system. Label tne parts. • Bronchi: The two main air passages into the lungs. • Diaphragm: The main muscle used for breathing; separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. • Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea (or windpipe). • Esophagus: The tube through which food passes from the mouth down into the stomach. • Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. • Intercostal muscles: Thin sheets of muscle between each rib that expand (when air is inhaled) and contract (when air is exhaled). • Larynx: Voice box. • Lungs: The two organs that extract oxygen from inhaled air and expel carbon dioxide in exhaled air. • Muscles attached to the diaphragm: These muscles help move the diaphragm up and down for breathing. • Nasal cavity: Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous membrane and contains tiny, surface hairs called cilia. • Nose hairs: Located at the entrance of the nose, these hairs trap large particles that are inhaled. • Paranasal sinuses: Air spaces within the skull. • Pharynx: The throat. • Pleural membrane: Covering the lung and lining the chest cavity, this membrane has 2 thin layers. • Pulmonary vessels: Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart and lungs; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart. • Respiratory center: Area of the brain that controls breathing. • Ribs: Bones attached to the spine and central portion of the breastbone, which support the chest wall and protect the heart, lungs, and other organs in the chest. • Trachea: Tube through which air passes from the nose to the lungs (also known as the windpipe).
	8. What are the 4 processes involved in respiration? Explain each.	• Ventilation – breathing in and out • external respiration – from lungs to blood • transport of O2 – goes around the body • internal respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2
	9. Explain the relationship between the lung, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and pleura activity. Draw a diagram to help your explanation.	• Each lung is surrounded by pleura, which is a protective skin that has two layers, the visceral pleura which is on the lung itself, and the parietal pleura which is around the pleural cavity.
	10. How does the left lung differ from the right lung?	10. How does the left lung differ from the right lung? • The Left lung has 3 lobes • The right lung has only 2 lobes
	11. Explain the features of alveoli and how they are adapted to gas exchange.	11. Explain the features of alveoli and how they are adapted to gas exchange. • There is a large surface area, a dense network of capillaries, • a wall consisting of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells separated from one another by a thin basement membrane, allowing for easy diffusion of substances across this wall o (so that the barrier between the air in an aveolus and the blood in its capillaries and gases are exchanged between the air and blood by diffusion) o and a thin membrane, the pleura, lines the thoracic cavity secrete a fluid to lubricate and keep aveoli moist.
	12. What is the purpose of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system?	12. What is the purpose of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system? • Like the nasal passages, the trachea is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane that traps particles still in the air. o The cilia move mucus and trapped mater to the pharynx to b swallowed or coughed out
	13. Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs? What is its’ function?	13. Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the lungs? What is its’ function? • The diaphragm separates both lungs from the abdominal cavity. • The diaphragm is a muscle that forms the floor of the chest cavity. • A diaphragm pulls air in and pushes it out.
	14. Explain the mechanism of ventilation in human lungs including the action of the intercostals muscles, diaphragm, and the abdominal muscles.	14. Explain the mechanism of ventilation in human lungs including the action of the intercostals muscles, diaphragm, and the abdominal muscles. • To inhale, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the external intercoastal muscles also contract and cause the ribcage to expand and move up. • The diaphragm contracts drops downwards. • Thoracic volume increases, lungs expand, and the pressure inside the lungs decreases, so that air flows into the lungs in response to the pressure gradient. • These movements cause the chest cavity to become larger and the pressure to be smaller, so air rushes in from the atmoshere to the lungs. • To exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up. In quiet breathing, the external intercoastal muscles relax causing the elasticity of the lung tissue to recoil • In forced breathing, the internal inercoastal muscles and abdominal muscles also contract to increase the force of the expiration. • Thoracic volume decreases and the pressure inside the lungs increases. • Air flows passively out of the lungs in response to the pressure gradient. • The ribs to move downward and backward causing the chest cavity to become smaller in volume and the pressure increases pushing air out of the lungs into the atmosphere.
	15. What advantages are lost when a person breathes through the mouth instead of the nasal passages?	15. What advantages are lost when a person breathes through the mouth instead of the nasal passages? • When people breathe in through the nose, it filters the air. • The combination of hair and mucus lining in the nasal airways help to filter out any solid particles (bacteria and dust) from the air • The moisture helps to humidify the air and keeps it from drying out
	16. What is the function of the epiglottis?	16. What is the function of the epiglottis? • The epiglottis prevents choking when swallowin, food and liquids are blocked from entering the opening of the larynx.
	17. What is another name for the pharynx? Larynx?	17. What is another name for the pharynx? Larynx? • Pharynx : Also called the throat • Larynx: Also called voice box
	18. Trace the path of air from the nasal passages to the alveoli.	18. Trace the path of air from the nasal passages to the alveoli. • Inspired air rich in oxygen enters the body thorugh the nostrils or the mouth. • It passes through the pharynxand larynx or voice box, and into the trachea. • Air then enters each Branchi which branches into Bronchide, and finalluy into the air sace or alveoli of the lungs. • The lungs are housed in the thoratic cavityu that is bound on the bottom by a thin layer of muscle, the diaphragm. • Each ling is covered by a very thin pleuna membrane. • In the alveoli, CO2 is exchanged for oxygen.
	19. What is the function of the vocal cords? How do they work?	19. What is the function of the vocal cords? How do they work? • Inside the larynx, there are two pairs of memberanes called the vocal cords • When air is released from the lungs, the vocal cords “vibrate” and produce sound
	20. Describe the make up of the trachea.	Describe the make up of the trachea. • From the larynx,t he air moves into the trachea o The walls of the trachea are made of C-shaped rings of cartilage that protect it and keep it from collapsing • Like the nasal passages, the trache is lined with a ciliated mucouse membrane that traps particles still in the air. o The cilia move mucus and trapped matter to the pharynx to be swallowed or coughed out • If you smoke, the respiratory system cant handle tobacco smoke o Smoking stops the cilia from moving o Just one cigarette stps motion for 20 minutes
	21. Explain how the exchange of gas takes place between both the alveoli and the capillaries and the capillaries and the tissues of the body.	21. Explain how the exchange of gas takes place between both the alveoli and the capillaries and the capillaries and the tissues of the body. • Gas exchange occurs between the aveoli and the capillaries by diffusion, oxygen passes from the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries to the alveoli.
	22. What is the function of the pulmonary artery?	22. What is the function of the pulmonary artery? Pulmonary vein? • Pulmonary artery: an artery conveying venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. • Pulmonary vein: a vein conveying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
	23. Diagram and explain the relationship between bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.	23. Diagram and explain the relationship between bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. • The bronchi splits into smaller tubes called bronchioles which lead to clusters called alveoli which is where the gas exchange takes place
	24. How are red blood cells important to the respiratory system?	24. How are red blood cells important to the respiratory system? • the red blood cells in the capillaries of alveoli, contain a red piment called hemoglobin. • In the alveoli, erytrocytes pick up oxygen from the inspired air.
	25. What is hemoglobin? What is it made of? What is its function? Where is it foun: How many oxygen can each molecule hold?	25. What is hemoglobin? What is it made of? What is its function? Where is it foun: How many oxygen can each molecule hold? • The red blood cells in the capillaries of alveoli, contain a red pigment called hemoglobin. (1 cell contains millions of molecules of hemoglobin.) o Hemoglobin is composed of a protein molecule called globin and an iron compound called heme. • In the alveoli, erytrocytes pick up oxygen from the inspired air. o The oxygen combines with the hemoglobin forming the compound oxyhemoglobin o Each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules.
	26. What is oxyhemoglobin? How is it made?	26. What is oxyhemoglobin? How is it made? • Oxyhemoglobin: when the oxygen combines with the hemoglobin forming the compound oxyhemoglobin • Laden erythrocytes circulate to the capillaries of the tissues where they release their oxygen.
	28. How does hemoglobin act as a buffer in the blood?	28. How does hemoglobin act as a buffer in the blood? Hemoglobin can buffer pH by binding with hydrogen ions.
	29. How does exercise affect breathing?	29. How does exercise affect breathing? • When you move more, your cells have to work harder, so they use up more nutrients and oxygen they get from the blood. When this happens, the blood needs to travel quicker to get more nutrients and oxygen to the cells, so the heart pumps faster and the blood cells need more oxygen so breathing becomes heavier.
	30. What problem would a person who lives in Phoenix, Arizona (elevation 1000 feet) have if they ran a marathon in Flagstaff (elevation 7500 feet)?	30. What problem would a person who lives in Phoenix, Arizona (elevation 1000 feet) have if they ran a marathon in Flagstaff (elevation 7500 feet)? • The air in Flagstaff is thinner and doesn’t have as much oxygen in it because it has a higher elevation. If the person’s body is used to having the amount of oxygen from an elevation of 1000 feet, then when they exercise in an elevation of 7500 feet, they not only need to breathe more to get more oxygen in the body, but also to make up for the lack of oxygen in the air.
	31. Explain the difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin (make sure to tell where each is found).	31. Explain the difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin (make sure to tell where each is found). • Myaglobin: An iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers, consisting of heme connected to a single peptide chain that resembles one of the subunits of hemoglobin. Myoglobin combines with oxygen released by red blood cells and transfers it to the mitochondria of muscle cells, where it is used to produce energy. • hemoglobin of muscle, weighing less and carrying more oxygen and less carbon monoxide than blood hemoglobin.
	32. How does smoking affect the air passages?	32. How does smoking affect the air passages? • If you smoke, the respiratory system cant handle tobacco smoke o Smoking stops the cilia from moving o Just one cigarette stps motion for 20 minutes • The chemicals in smoke irritate the air passages, in order to help with this, the air passages will produce more mucus to try and sooth the air passages. Eventually, the air passages will begin to clog with mucus and lung cancer can also be a result of smoking.
	33. What affects would lung cancer or asthma have on gas exchange?	33. What affects would lung cancer or asthma have on gas exchange? • The cilia don’t work as well when somebody has lung cancer or asthma. • The air is not cleaned like it should be and the harmful substances in the air get into the lungs and get in the way of the gas exchange
	34. What is carbon monoxide? Where does it come from? Why is CO so lethal?	34. What is carbon monoxide? Where does it come from? Why is CO so lethal? • Carbon monoxide: a chemical compound, CO, a colorless, odorless, tasteless, extremely poisonous gas that is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. • Carbon monoxide is formed by combustion of carbon in oxygen at high temperatures when there is an excess of carbon. o It is also formed (with oxygen) by decomposition of carbon dioxide at very high temperatures (above 2,000°C;). o It is present in the exhaust of internal-combustion engines (e.g., in automobiles) and is generated in coal stoves, furnaces, and gas appliances that do not get enough air (because of a faulty draft or for other reasons). • When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it reacts with hemoglobin, the red blood pigment that normally carries oxygen to all parts of the body. o Because carbon monoxide is attracted to the hemoglobin about 210 times as strongly as is oxygen, it takes the place of oxygen in the blood, causing oxygen starvation throughout the body.
	35. Name the ports of the urinary tract. What is the function of each?	35. Name the ports of the urinary tract. What is the function of each? • Kidney – removes waste from the blood, waste is what makes up urine • Ureter – tube connecting the kidney and bladder • Bladder – what stores the urine until you “go to the bathroom”
	36. In humans, what is the first waste product made that contains nitrogen? Why is it so dangerous?	36. In humans, what is the first waste product made that contains nitrogen? Why is it so dangerous? • Ammoniaa is made. • It is a strong base and can harm the intestines if it isn’t eliminated from the body. • It can be eliminated easily because it is water soluble
	37. What ore the two most common substances used by terrestrial animals to get rid of nitrogen?	37. What ore the two most common substances used by terrestrial animals to get rid of nitrogen? • Urea and uric acid are two ways to get rid of excess nitrogen (which is ammonia when it is converted)
	38. What is the difference between birds and lizards, fish, and mammals in the way they get rid o their waste? Why are these differences important?	38. What is the difference between birds and lizards, fish, and mammals in the way they get rid o their waste? Why are these differences important? • Because birds and lizards don’t have as much water, they cannot urinate as often because they have to conserve water, so they excrete uric acid. • Fish and other animals that live in water can get rid of ammonia through diffusion • Mammals dispose of their waste through urea (which becomes urine)
	40. What is filtrate?	40. What is filtrate? • Filtrate occurs in Bowman’s capsule. • Everything that is on the blood cells is taken into Bowman’s capsule. • It is all sorted through and the important things are sent back into the blood to circulate the body, while the waste is sent into the glomerus to go through the kidneys and disposed of.
	43. What is a glomerulus?	43. What is a glomerulus? • Glomerulus is a group of capillaries that form a tight ball • (Also called Malpighian tuft. a tuft of convoluted capillaries in the nephron of a kidney, functioning to remove certain substances from the blood before it flows into the convoluted tubule.)
	44. What is osmoregulation?	44. What is osmoregulation? Osmoregulation is the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism.

Share This Flashcard Set

Set the Language

Ib Biology Excretory System

Add to Folders

Upgrade to Cram Premium

Card Range To Study

49 Cards in this Set