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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 7 characteristics of life?
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-Organisms reproduce.
-Organisms grow and develop. -Organisms respond to stimuli. -Organisms use and obtain energy. -Organisms are highly organized. -Organisms are made of cells. -Organisms adapt to their environment. |
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Name the 12 Levels of Biological Organization from smallest to largest.
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Atoms
Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere |
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What is an Enzyme?
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An Enzyme is a catalyse that reacts with a certain substrate to speed up a reaction.
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What is homeostasis?
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The tendency for populations to remain relativley stable.
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Define Ecosystem
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A community with it's abiotic environment
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Define Commensalism
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One organism in the relationship benefits, and the other is unaffected. (parasitism)
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Define mutalistic
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mutually beneficial in close biological association (as between the algae and the fungi)
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What are lichens?
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Crust-like structures on trees
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What is a calorie?
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The amount of energy required to rais the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1*C.
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What is Kwashiorker?
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A disease of malnourishment from too much starch, and not enough protein.
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What are biocides?
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Poisonous substances used to kill pests.
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What is Gross Primary Productivity?
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Total amount of chemical energy stored by photosynthesis.
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What is Net Primary Productivity?
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The remaining energy from Gross Primary Productivity, that is food for consumers.
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What is the difference between Organic and Inorganic compounds?
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Organic compounds contain carbon, while Inorganic compounds contain no or one carbon atom per molecule.
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What is a Compound?
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Matter that has more than one kind of atom.
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What does NADP carry?
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Hydrogen.
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What is an Ion?
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an atom that has a positive charge, but one less electron than protons.
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What is Turgor Pressure?
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The pressure exerted from the water when plant cells have inadequate supplies of water.
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What are Guard Cells?
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Specialized cells that surround the stomate.
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What is an Endoplasmic Reticulum and what is it's function?
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It is a membrane that works in the cytoplasm and it is involved in synthesis, modification, and transportation of cellular materials.
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What is the Ribosome and what is it's function?
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It is composed of RNA and protein, and is located in the cytoplasm. It is the site for polypeptides (protein synthesis.)
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Define Active Transport.
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Cell uses energy to move substances.
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What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes?
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-Cells do not have membrane-bounded nuclei or membrane-bounded organelles.
-Bacteria |
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What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes?
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-Cells have membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane bounded organelles.
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What are plasmids?
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In prokaryotes, a circular strand of DNA that has become separate from the overall strand or chromosome.
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What is the Flagella?
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An organelle that is "whip like", of many bacteria, protests, and certain cells of animals such as sponges and hydras.
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What are the 6 Kingdoms?
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Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera, Archea
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What are the levels of Binomial Classification?
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What kind of organisms make up the Monera Kingdom?
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Prokaryotic bacteria.
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What kind of organisms make up the Fungi Kingdom?
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-Eukaryotes
-Mostly aquatic and microscopic -Autotrophs OR heterotrophs |
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wheredoespoopcomefrom
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anus
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Define introns
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-not translated into proteins
-segment of the chromosomal dna that is removed before the mrna leaves the nucleus |
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Exons
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-segments of chromosomal dna
-transcribed into mrna -eventually translated in protein synthesis -make up known genes |
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Recombinant dna
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-dna from different organisms that has been pieced together
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Petrified
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mineralized and hardened as inparts of organisms replaced by minerals in fossils
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Strata
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rock layers
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Radioactive
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emitting nuclear radiation
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Half-life
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time required with half teh quantity of the radio-active quality to break down
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Adaptive radiation
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-evolution of a variety of adaptations and descendants of one common ancestor
-leads to their dispersal into various environments -thus, families, genres, and species arrive from commmon ancestor |
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Adaptive covergence
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-evolution of similar species in similar environments but from diff. ancestors
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Discontinuous distributions
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-populations of a species isolated from 1 another
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Mitosis
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duplications of living, regular cells
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Cytokenesis
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cell motion
-part of cell division following mitosis |
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what is the order of mitosis events?
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Interphase
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Centromere
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The little circle that holds the two chromosomal strands together
-attaches to the spindle |
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Codon
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combination of three nucleotides on mRNA
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Translation
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mRNA > rRNA (into polypeptide chain)
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tRNA
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type of rNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes from the nucleus
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rRNA
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a type of rna that makes up a major part of the ribosomes
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anti-codon
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three transfer rna nucleotides (opposite of codon)
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Binomial Nomenclature
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the two word naming system to name each species
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Random Genetic Drift
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a change in a population's gene pool by chance
(as in the loss of an alleele b/c of no fertilizations of the gamete) |
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subspecies
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a variety of organisms distinguished from a variety of organisms of the same species
-often a incomplete tendency towards reproductive isolation=a factor in subspecies |
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Cleavage
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early stages of blastulation
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name the three germ layers
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ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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What encompases the mesoderm?
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muscles, bones, circulatory system, digestive system, kidney, ducts, reproductive system, connective tissue
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what encompasses the endoderm?
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lining of digestive system, bladder
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what encompasses the ectoderm?
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skin epidermis, hair and nails, enamel of teeth
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Amnion
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one of one of the 4 embryonic membranes, cushions it in a fluid environemnt
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name the 4 embryonic membranes
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amnion, allantois, yolk sac, chorion
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placenta
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baby's lifeline to the mother's circulatory system
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Genome
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total genetic content of a cell
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Haploid
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(gametes) contain only one member of each chromosome
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diploid
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all the pairs of chromosomes
-characterists of sexually reproducing species |
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Epididymis
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where sperm are held after they mature
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oviduct
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in vertebrates-a tube through which the egg passes from after they are released from an ovary
-open to an enlarged duct opening |
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follicle
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several different structures of an ovarion sac
-hormone grows there |
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progesterone
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a hormone which promotes the building up of the uterus tissues and maintainence of these tissues
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corpus luteum
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a hromone producing mass of tissue that develops in a ruptured ovarian follicle after release of an egg
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vas deferns
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male mammals-a duct through which sperm, protected in semen added by glands, pass from teh epidiymis into teh urethra and penis
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gonad
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reproductive organ in which gametes are produced (animals)
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phylogenic
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based on evolutionary relationships as studied in teh body from and structure of fossils and living species, or genetic evidenc eof chromosome changes, or biochemical comparisons of living descendants of different past species.
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formula for photsynthesis
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6CO² + 6H²0 > (light, enzymes, chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 60²
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~*FaCtS*~ @b0u+ DARK REACTIONS!!!!
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-Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions
-C5 is the greeter (lyke HELLO!) -Produces ADP (duh) which goes to the light reactions!` |
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ThE aWeSoMeLy KeWl
LIGHT REACTIONS |
-H²0 goes in, and 0² comes out
-Produces ATP and NADPH |
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How many atoms of carbon are present in a molecule of glucose, fructose, and galactose?
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-Glucse = 6
-Fructose = 6 -Galactose = 5 |
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what are the 3 chemical elements in carbohydrates?
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C, H, and O
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What are the 4 "building blocks" of life?
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
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Hydrogen atoms are _ times larger than oxygen atoms in are Carbs.
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2
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skip this card
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...
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what are the 4 elements in proteins?
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C, H, O, and N
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what is a carboxyl group
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-in the upper right corner of each amino acid
-C=0 -C-O-H |
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what is an amino group
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H-N-H
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osmosis
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areas from high to low concentration
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Isotonic
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-equal and normal
-H²0 is moving in and out |
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Hypertonic
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More high concentration so water leaves and cell shrinks (plasmolosis)
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Hypotonic
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more water outside so water enters and cell bursts
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What are the 3 basic parts that each nucleotide and DNA consist of?
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A deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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how many types of amino acids are there?
How many are essential to humans? |
20, (8 essential to humans)
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What are the factors that differentiate each amino acid?
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KONA
Kind, Order, Arrangement, Number |
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T or F? all enzymes are proteins
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true
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what are the atoms of lipids ?
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C, H, O
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What are the building blocks of lipids?
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3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol
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what's the difference between unsat. fats and sat. fats?
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unsat. fats have a double bond between two carbons/sat. fats don't
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What cell organelles/parts don't have a membrane?
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cell wall, cytoplasm, chromosome, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, ribosome, centrioles, microtubules
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What are membrane proteins/used for?
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cell identification, receptor (recognizes)/binds proteins outside of cell, assists chemical reaction, transport materials
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job of cell membrane (plasma membrane)
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COMMUNICATE, ISOLATE, REGULATE!!!
-control what enters/leaves -seperate cell from its surroundings -protection of the cell -support of the cell -communication |
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what is the cell membrane composed of?
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proteins and phosphylipids
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What is another name for the cell membrane?
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phospholipid bilayer
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a chloroplast has _ membranes
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2
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passive transport
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no added energy is used to move molecules or particules across the cell membrane (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated, diffusion)
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facilitated diffusion
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a CARRIER molecule helps the particle across the cell membrane with no added energy "piggy back"
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differ between pinocytosis and phagocytosis
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pinocytosis=liquid
phagocytosis=solid |
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what atoms make up nucleic acids?
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c, h, o, n, p
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chromatin
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chromosomes in little tiny pieces (like shattered glass)
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at what phase during mitosis are chromosomes chromatin?
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interphase
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Telomeres
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the physical ends of chromosomes (like plastic caps on shoe laces)
-stabilize chromosomes -protect chromosome structure |
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zygote= diploid or haploid?
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haploid
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put these in order: zygote, morula, fertilization, fetus, four cell stage, childbirth, blastocyst, two-cell stage
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fertilization, zygote, two cell stage, four cell stage, morula, blastocyst, fetus, childbirth
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Meiosis
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-forms gametes
-2 divisions -crossing over (reduction) -sex cells; ovaries-ovum, testes-sperm |
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How many atoms of carbon are present in a molecule of glucose, fructose, and galactose?
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-Glucse = 6
-Fructose = 6 -Galactose = 5 |
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what are the 3 chemical elements in carbohydrates?
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C, H, and O
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What are the 4 "building blocks" of life?
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
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Hydrogen atoms are _ times larger than oxygen atoms in are Carbs.
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2
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what are the 4 elements in proteins?
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C, H, O, and N
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what is a carboxyl group
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-in the upper right corner of each amino acid
-C=0 -C-O-H |
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what is an amino group
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H-N-H
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osmosis
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areas from high to low concentration
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Isotonic
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-equal and normal
-H²0 is moving in and out |
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Hypertonic
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More high concentration so water leaves and cell shrings (plasmolosis)
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Hypotonic
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more water outside so water enters and cell bursts
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What are the 3 basic parts that each nucleotide and DNA consist of?
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A deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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how many types of amino acids are there?
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20, (8 essential to humans)
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