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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anatomy
**the study of the structure of the human body
**This includes morphology which is the study of form
Physiology
the study of body function
Gross anatomy
the study of body structure that can be seen by the naked eye
Surface anatomy
study of shapes and marking called land marks the body which reveal the underlying bones and organs
microscopic anatomy (histology)
the study of structures so small they can only be seen with a microscope
chemical level
atoms from molecules
cellular level
cells and their functional subunits
tissue level
a group of cells performing a common function
organ level
a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
organ system
organs working together for a common purpose e.g heart and blood vessels; kidneys, ureters, and bladder
[systemic vs. regional anatomy]

systemic
study of anatomy by system e.g. respiratory system
regional
study of anatomy by region e.g. abdominal cavity
Integumentary System
**forms external body covering
**protects deeper tissues from injury
**synthesizes vitamin tD
**sites of cutaneous receptors (receptors for pain, pressure, temperature, and sweat and oil glands)
skeletal system
**protects and supports body organs
**provides a framework for muscles
**blood cells formed w/in bones
**stores minerals
muscular system
**allows interaction w/ environment
**locomotion
**facial expression
**maintains posture
Nervous system
**fast-acting control system
**responds to internal and external changes
Digestive System
**breaks down food into absorbable units
**indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
name 6 characteristics common to all vertebrates
1. tube-within-a-tube
2. bilateral symmetry
3. dorsal hollow nerve cord
4. notochord and vertebrate
5. segmentation
6. Pharyngeal pouches
Tube-w/in-a-tub body plane consist of two parts. what are they?
inner tube and outer tube
what is the inner tube?
extends from mouth to anus and includes the respiratory and digestive organs; the pharynx in the throat region of the digestive and respiratory tube
outer tube
consists of axial skeleton and associated axial muscles that make up the outer body wall and nervous structures
dorsal hollow nerve cord
• All vertebrate embryos have a hollow
nerve cord running dorsally along their
back in the median plane
• This cord develops into the brain and
spinal cord
Notochord and vertebrae
• Notochord is stiffening rod in back just deep to
spinal cord
• In humans, a complete notochord forms in the
embryo, although most of it is replaced by
vertebrae and boney pieces of the vertebral
column
• Some notochord persists through life in
humans as the cores of the discs in between
the vertebrae; these cores contain the nucleus
pulposis (Fig 7.19) which forms a cushion-like
pad
Segmentation
• Outer tube of the body shows evidence
of segmentation
• Segments are repeating units of similar
structure that run from the head along
the full length of the trunk
Examples of segmentation in
humans
• Ribs and muscles in between the ribs
• Nerves branching off the spinal cord
• Repeating vertebrae in vertebral column
Pharyngeal pouches
• Pharynx is the throat region of the digestive
and respiratory tube
• In the human embryonic stage, the pharynx
has a set of outpocketings called pharyngeal
pouches that correspond to the clefts
between the gills of fish
• These pharyngeal pouches give rise to
some structures in the head and neck e.g.,
the middle ear cavity which runs from the
eardrum to the pharynx
Cardiovascular System
• Heart pumps blood through blood
vessels
• Blood vessels transport blood
– Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
– It also carries nutrients and wastes
Lymphatic System/Immunity
• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic
system
• Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
• Mounts attack against foreign
substances in the body
Respiratory System
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Gas exchange occurs through walls of
air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
Urinary System
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acidbase
balance
Endocrine System
• Glands secrete hormones that regulate:
– Growth
– Reproduction
– Nutrient use
Male & Female Reproduction
• Overall function is to produce offspring
• Testes produce sperm and sex
hormones
• Ovaries produce eggs and sex
hormones
• Mammary glands produce milk
[Body Cavities & Membranes]

Dorsal body cavity: consist of ?
1. cranial cavity
2. Vetebral cavity
Ventral body cavity consist of?
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Adominopelvic cavity
the thoracic cavity is divided into three regions what are they?
• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
• Mediastinum—contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
Abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two parts. what are they?
• Abdominal cavity—contains the liver, gall bladder, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, kidneys, ureters, spleen
• Pelvic cavity—contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
Serous cavities
a slit-like space lined by a
serous membrane
**Pleura (lung), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal)
----• Parietal serosa—outer wall of the cavity
----• Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
Serous cavities do not contain air, but rather a _______that is produced by both the
parietal and visceral serous membranes
thin layer of serous fluid
The slippery serous fluid allows the visceral organs to...
slide with minimal friction across the cavity wall
as they carry out their routine functions.
Scanning electron microscopy
–Electron beam scans specimen
–Provides three dimensional pictures
of whole, unsectioned surfaces with
excellent clarity
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT scan)—
takes successive X rays
across and around a person's full
circumference
**Translates recorded information into a
detailed picture of the body section
[Advanced X-Ray Techniques]

Digital subtraction
angiography (DSA)
imaging
provides a view of
small arteries
– DSA is often used
to identify
blockages of
arteries that supply
the heart or brain
Positron emission tomography
(PET) scan
• Positron emission tomography (PET)—forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
• PET images indicate regions of cellular activity
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
This transverse PET
scan of the brain
shows an area in
upper left with no
neural activity
• This upper left area
which is dark is the
frontal area of the
brain which was
destroyed by stroke
[Ultrasound]

Sonography (ultrasound
imaging)—
body is probed with pulses of
high-frequency sound waves that echo
off the body’s tissues
– Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
produces highquality
images of
soft tissues
– Distinguishes
body tissues based on relative water content