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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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**the study of the structure of the human body
**This includes morphology which is the study of form |
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Physiology
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the study of body function
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Gross anatomy
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the study of body structure that can be seen by the naked eye
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Surface anatomy
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study of shapes and marking called land marks the body which reveal the underlying bones and organs
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microscopic anatomy (histology)
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the study of structures so small they can only be seen with a microscope
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chemical level
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atoms from molecules
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cellular level
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cells and their functional subunits
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tissue level
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a group of cells performing a common function
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organ level
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a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
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organ system
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organs working together for a common purpose e.g heart and blood vessels; kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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[systemic vs. regional anatomy]
systemic |
study of anatomy by system e.g. respiratory system
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regional
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study of anatomy by region e.g. abdominal cavity
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Integumentary System
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**forms external body covering
**protects deeper tissues from injury **synthesizes vitamin tD **sites of cutaneous receptors (receptors for pain, pressure, temperature, and sweat and oil glands) |
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skeletal system
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**protects and supports body organs
**provides a framework for muscles **blood cells formed w/in bones **stores minerals |
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muscular system
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**allows interaction w/ environment
**locomotion **facial expression **maintains posture |
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Nervous system
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**fast-acting control system
**responds to internal and external changes |
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Digestive System
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**breaks down food into absorbable units
**indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces |
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name 6 characteristics common to all vertebrates
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1. tube-within-a-tube
2. bilateral symmetry 3. dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. notochord and vertebrate 5. segmentation 6. Pharyngeal pouches |
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Tube-w/in-a-tub body plane consist of two parts. what are they?
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inner tube and outer tube
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what is the inner tube?
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extends from mouth to anus and includes the respiratory and digestive organs; the pharynx in the throat region of the digestive and respiratory tube
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outer tube
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consists of axial skeleton and associated axial muscles that make up the outer body wall and nervous structures
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
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• All vertebrate embryos have a hollow
nerve cord running dorsally along their back in the median plane • This cord develops into the brain and spinal cord |
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Notochord and vertebrae
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• Notochord is stiffening rod in back just deep to
spinal cord • In humans, a complete notochord forms in the embryo, although most of it is replaced by vertebrae and boney pieces of the vertebral column • Some notochord persists through life in humans as the cores of the discs in between the vertebrae; these cores contain the nucleus pulposis (Fig 7.19) which forms a cushion-like pad |
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Segmentation
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• Outer tube of the body shows evidence
of segmentation • Segments are repeating units of similar structure that run from the head along the full length of the trunk |
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Examples of segmentation in
humans |
• Ribs and muscles in between the ribs
• Nerves branching off the spinal cord • Repeating vertebrae in vertebral column |
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Pharyngeal pouches
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• Pharynx is the throat region of the digestive
and respiratory tube • In the human embryonic stage, the pharynx has a set of outpocketings called pharyngeal pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of fish • These pharyngeal pouches give rise to some structures in the head and neck e.g., the middle ear cavity which runs from the eardrum to the pharynx |
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Cardiovascular System
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• Heart pumps blood through blood
vessels • Blood vessels transport blood – Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide – It also carries nutrients and wastes |
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Lymphatic System/Immunity
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• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system • Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) • Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body |
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Respiratory System
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• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide from blood • Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs |
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Urinary System
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• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acidbase balance |
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Endocrine System
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• Glands secrete hormones that regulate:
– Growth – Reproduction – Nutrient use |
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Male & Female Reproduction
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• Overall function is to produce offspring
• Testes produce sperm and sex hormones • Ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones • Mammary glands produce milk |
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[Body Cavities & Membranes]
Dorsal body cavity: consist of ? |
1. cranial cavity
2. Vetebral cavity |
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Ventral body cavity consist of?
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1. Thoracic cavity
2. Adominopelvic cavity |
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the thoracic cavity is divided into three regions what are they?
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• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
• Mediastinum—contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac |
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Abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two parts. what are they?
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• Abdominal cavity—contains the liver, gall bladder, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, kidneys, ureters, spleen
• Pelvic cavity—contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum |
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Serous cavities
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a slit-like space lined by a
serous membrane **Pleura (lung), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal) ----• Parietal serosa—outer wall of the cavity ----• Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs |
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Serous cavities do not contain air, but rather a _______that is produced by both the
parietal and visceral serous membranes |
thin layer of serous fluid
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The slippery serous fluid allows the visceral organs to...
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slide with minimal friction across the cavity wall
as they carry out their routine functions. |
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Scanning electron microscopy
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–Electron beam scans specimen
–Provides three dimensional pictures of whole, unsectioned surfaces with excellent clarity |
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Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT scan)—
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takes successive X rays
across and around a person's full circumference **Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section |
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[Advanced X-Ray Techniques]
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) |
imaging
provides a view of small arteries – DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain |
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Positron emission tomography
(PET) scan |
• Positron emission tomography (PET)—forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
• PET images indicate regions of cellular activity |
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Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
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This transverse PET
scan of the brain shows an area in upper left with no neural activity • This upper left area which is dark is the frontal area of the brain which was destroyed by stroke |
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[Ultrasound]
Sonography (ultrasound imaging)— |
body is probed with pulses of
high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues – Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus |
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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produces highquality
images of soft tissues – Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content |