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104 Cards in this Set

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Erythroxylum coca
Common name: Cocaine
Geography: Andes Mountains in S. America
Ethnomedical uses: leaves are chewed with alkaline substance by Quechua people today (and Inca people in the past) to enhance endurance while working and hiking in the mountains
Active compounds: cocaine alkaloid
Mech. of action: inhibition of local norepinephrine re-uptake -> local vasoconstriction, local anesthetic - blockade of nerve impulses
Filipendula ulmaria
Common name: meadowsweet
Geography: Eurasia
Ethnomedical use: inflammation, pain, fever
Pharmaceuticals: salicylic acid (aspirin)
Salix alba (s. helix, S. pentandra, S. praecox, S. fragilis, S. purpurea)
Common name: willow
Geography: Meditteranean, Eurasia
Ethnomedical use: analgesic, headache, anti-inflammatory, fever
Active compound - salicin -> salicylic acid when metabolized
Aspirin mechanism of action
1. blocks cyclooxygenase
2. decreases aconversion of arachidonic acid to endoperoxide
2. decreases formation of thrmoboxane A2
3. decreases prostaglandin synthesis
4. decreases inflammation
Dioscorea spp (Dioscorea mexicana, Dioscorea composita)
Common name: wild yam
Geography: Mexico
Ethnomedical use: anti-inflammatory, fish poisons, many other uses
Cinchona officinalis
Geography: S. American rainforest
Therapeutic use: Rheumatoid arthritis
Chemical compound: hydroxychloroquine
Harpagophytum procumbens
Geography: Southern Africa in Kalahari desert
Mechanism of action - anti-inflammatory
Therapeutic use - lower back pain, hip pain, and knee pain
active molecule - harpagoside
Capsicum annuum
Common name: Chile pepper, cayenne pepper
Geography: Tropical America
Ethnomedical use of fruit:
topically as analgesic for - arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias
orally as a stimulant and anti-microbial
active compound - capsaicin
capsicum frutescens
Common name: Tabasco pepper
Geography: Tropical America
Ethnomedical use of fruit:
topically as analgesic for - arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias
orally as a stimulant and anti-microbial
active compound - capsaicin
Syzygium aromaticum
Common name: clove oil
Geography: Native to Asia
Mech. of action: clove oil stimulates capsaicin receptors
Medical use: used topically on skin as analgesic and is applied topically to gums to treat toothaches
Berberis aquafolium
Common name: Oregon Berry
Geography: Northwest USA
Therapeutic use: Psoriasis
Eucalyptus globulus
Geography: Australia
Ethnomedical use: topically as analgesic
Phyomedicines - oil, cineole (eucalyptol)
Aloe vera
Common name: aloe
Geography:
vera - Southwest Arabia
spp - South, East, and North Africa, Arabia
Ethnomedical use: treat skin burns and skin infections
Hamamelis virginiana
Common name: witch hazel
Geography: eastern N. America
Ethnomedical/Therapeutic uses: topical application to treat bruises, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, aftershave
Arnica montana
Common name: arnica
Geography: N and C Europe
Ethnomedical/Therapeutic use: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism
Arnica fulgans
Common name: arnica
Geography: North America
Ethnomedical/Therapeutic use: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism
Calendula officinalis
Common name: Marigold, calendula
Geography: Mediterranean area
Therapeutic uses: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, skin infections, and for wound healing
Avena sativa
Common name: oats
Geography: Europe
Therapeutic use: topically to treat skin itching/puritis
Carica papaya
Common name: papaya
Geography: Tropical America
Mech. of action - protease enzymes help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing
Therapeutic use: topically applied to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing
taken orally to enhance digestion
Ananas comosus
Common name: pineapple, ananas
Geography: South America
Cultural origins: Tupi Indians in S. America
Mech. of action - protease enzymes help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing
Therapeutic use: topically applied to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing
take orally to treat digestion and enhance digestion
Gossypium spp.
Common name: Cotton
Geography: China
Ethnomedical use: birth control in males
Active compound: gossypol
Mech. of action: inhibits sperm formation
Modern medical use: male contraceptive
Serenoa repens
Common name: saw palmetto
Geography: Native to Florida
Ethnomedical use: fruits used by Native Americans to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy and as an aphrodisiac
Vitex agnus-castus
Common name: chasteberry
Geography: native to southern Europe
Mech. of action - stimulation of gonadotropic releasing hormone in hypothalamus and increases release of LH and progesterone; decreases estrogen level
Therapeutic uses: reduce sexual desire, pre-menstrual stress syndrome
Oenothera biennis
Common name: evening primose
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: pre-menstrual syndrome, menopausal hot flashes
Panax ginseng
Common name: ginseng
Geography: Korea, NE China
Ethnomedical use:
tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, and as an aphrodisiac
panax quinquefolius
Common name: ginseng
Geography: eastern N. America
Ethnomedical use:
tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, and as an aphrodisiac
Cimicifuga racemosa
Common name: black cohosh
Geography: N. America
Ethnomedical use: pre-menstrual syndrome and menopausal hot flashes
Hevea brasiliensis
Common name: para rubber
Geography: S. America
Cultural origins: multiple Amazonian indigenous groups
Ethnobotanical use: utensils
Mech. of action - mechanical protection
Modern medical uses: rubber surgical gloves, condoms
Saponaria officinalis
Common name: soapwort
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical use: galactogogue
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Common name: fenugreek
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical use: galactogogue
Galega officinalis
Common name: goat's rue
Geography: Europe to Iran
Ethnomedical use: Type 2 diabetes
Larrea divaricata
Common names:
subsp. tridentata (creosote bush) - deserts of SW N. America
subsp. divaricata - deserts of S. America
Ethnomedical use: Type 2 diabetes, kidney disease
Momordica charantia
Common name: bitter melon, bitter cucumber
Ethnomedical use: fruit taken orally to treat type 2 diabetes
Vernonia amygdala
Common name: bitter leaf
Uses; leaf eaten as food, tonic, and to treat type 2 diabetes
opuntia basileris, opuntia spp.
Common names: prickly pear cactus, beaver tail, nopale
Geography: Mexico, SW USA
Ethnomedical use: pad-shaped stems taken orally by indigenous groups to treat type 2 diabetes
mech. of action - reduces sugar absorption by the intestine
Morinda citrifolia
Common name: noni, nono
Geography: SE Asia
Ethnomedical use: fruit used to treat type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and is applied topically to treat skin boils
Ravenala madagascariensis
Geography: W. Africa
treats type 2 diabetes
annona senegalensis
Geography: W. Africa
treats type 2 diabetes
aframomum melegueta
Common name: guinea peper
Geography: W. Africa
Use; treat type 2 diabetes
anacardium occidentale
Common name: cashew
Geography: S. America
Use: treat type 2 diabetes
mangifera indica
Common name: mango
Geography: Asia
Use: treat type 2 diabetes
Camellia sinensis
Common name: Tea
Use: tea drinkers have a lower risk of heart attacks than people who do not drink tea; anti-oxidant
Lycopersicum esculenta
Common name: tomato
Use: antioxidant
Glycine max
Common name: soybeans
Geography: China
Uses: phytoestrogenic effects on humans
melilotus officinalis
Common name: sweet clover
Goegraphy: Eurasia, naturalized in N. America
Ethnomedical uses: carminative, spasmolytic
Modern medical use: anti-coagulant
potentilla fragariodes
Common name: cinquefoil
Ethnomedical use: hemostatic
Therapeutic use: hemostatic
Allium sativum
Common name: garlic
Geography: Eurasian
Therapeutic use: anti-hyperlipidemic
Avena sativa
Common name: oats
Geography: Meditteranean
Mech. of action - oat bran in diet binds lipids in GI tract and reduces absorption
Pinus spp.
Geography: Northern hemisphere
Therapeutic uses: benecol margarin is eaten as a food to lower cholesterol
Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea
Common name: foxglove
Goegraphy: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: cardiac stimulant, congestive heart disease
Acokantheran oppositifolia
Geography: E and S Africa
Ethnomedical use: arrow poison from wood
Strophanthus gratus
Geography: Africa
Ethnomedical use: poison from seeds
Convallaria majalis
Common name: lily of the valley
Geography: europe
Modern medical use: cardiotonic
Adonis vernalis
Common names: false hellabore from Europe
Ethnomedical use: heart condition
Modern medical use: cardiotonic
Erythroxylum coca
Common name: coca
Geography: Andes Mountain, S. America
Ethnomedical use: leaves used as a stimulant, cardiac stimulant, enhance endurance, and appetite suppressant
Chinchona officinalis
Geography: Native to S. America introduced to Africa and Asia
Ethnomedical use: fever
Atropa belladonna
Common name: belladonna
Geography: Europe
Chemical class: alkaloid
Pharmaceuticals: atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyanine
Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, C. oxyacantha, C. spp
Common name: hawthorne
Ethnomedical use: leaf and flower prepartions of this small tree taken to treat coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders
Mech. of action - dilation of coronary arteries
Modern medical uses: coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders
Ammi visnaga
Geography: Mediterranean environments in S. Europe, N. Africa
Cultural origins: Berber in N. Africa
Ethnomedical uses: fruit extract taken orally to treat angina pectoris and asthma
mech. of action - increased blood flow to coronary arteries to treat angina pectoris
Theobroma cacao
Common name: chocolate
Therapeutic uses: smooth muscle relaxant, angina pectoris, coronary artery dilator, myocardial stimulant, diuretic
Rauvolfia serpentina
Common name: rauvolfia
Geography: India, Indomalasia
Ethnomedical use: anti-hypertensive, sedative, tranquilizer, anti-psychotic
Rhododendron molle
Geography: China
Ethnomedical uses: hypotensive, insect repellent
Modern medical uses: anti-hypertensive, tranquilizer
Veratrum album
Common name: white hellebore
Modern medical use: anti-hypertensives
Stephania tetrandra
Geography: Old World
Modern medical use: anti-hypertensive, sedative
Tanacetum parthenium
Common name: feverfew
Geography: SE Europe
Ethnomedical use: Migraine headaches, fever
Aesculus hippocastanum
Common name: horse chestnut
Geography: Europe to S. Asia
Ethnomedical use: seeds used in Europe to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency
Pausinystalia johimbe
Common name: Yohimbine
Ethnomedical use: taken orally as an aphrodisiac in W. Africa by many different ethnolinguistic groups
Mech. of action - competitve blockade on adrenergic receptors
Therapeutic uses: taken orally as an aphrodisiac and to treat impotence
Papaver somniferum
active compound: Papaverine
Mech. of action: vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant
Therapeutic use: penis injection of papaverine, produce prolonged penile erections to treat impotence, used as an aphrodisiac
Colchicum autumnale
Common name: crocus
Geography: Europe to N. Africa
Ethnomedical uses: gout, pain, inflammation
Mech. of action - causes a doubling of chromosomes by disorganizing the spindle mechanism at mitosis
Modern medical uses - colchine as anti-tumor
Podophyllum peltatum and p. hexandrum
Common name: May apple
Geography:
p. peltatum - N. America
p. hexandrum - Himalayas
Ethnomedical uses:
warts, laxative, cathartic, emetic, helminthic infections, cancer
Catharanthus roseus
Common name: Madagascar periwinkle, rosy periwinkle
Geography: native to Madagascar
Ethnomedical uses: Type 2 diabetes, Hodgekin's disease
Taxus brevifolia
Common name: pacific yew
Geography: Northern CA up through pacific northwest
Ethnomedical use: skin cancers
Mech. of action - anti-microtubule and anti-mitotic
Viscum album
Common name: European mistletoe
Cultural origins: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: joint inflammation, malignant tumors
Manihot esculenta
Common names: cassava, manihot
Geography: Amazon basin, S. America
Ethnomedical uses: leaves and roots eaten as food and to treat malaria
chinchona officinalis, c. ledgeriana
Common names: quina, chinchona, calisaya bark, Jesuits' bark, yellow bark, Ledger bark, crown bark, Loxa bark
Geography: Native to S. America
Ethnomedical use: fever
Artemisia annua
Geography: China, Vietnam, Asia
Ethnomedical use: plant leaves treat malaria for thousands of years in china and vietnam
Artemisia maritima
Common name: wormseed
Ethnomedical use: anti-helminthic
Mech. of action - anti-helminthic
Therapeutic use: ascaris worm intestinal infections
Berberis vulgaris and B. aquafolium
Common names/Geography:
barberry in Europe
Oregon berry in northwest USA
Ethnomedical uses: dysentery, diarrhea, skin disease
cinnamomum zeylanicum
Common name: Cinnamon
Origin: Asia
Bark extract taken orally to treat gastritis and stomach and duodenal uclers by inhibiting the bacteria Helicobacter pylori
Hydrastis canadensis
Common name: goldenseal
Geography: N. America
Cultural originas: multiple Native American groups
Ethnomedical use: astringent, anti-infective, strengthen mucosal membranes in upper respiratory tract
mech. of action - antimicrobial
Allium sativum
Common name: garlic
Ethnomedical use: antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, aphrodisiac
Therapeutic use: antimicrobial, anti-hyperlipidemic
Zingiber officinalis
Common name: ginger
Geography: ASia
Rhizome tuber taken orally or as a vapor to treat respiratory virus
Sambucus nigra
Common name: Elderberry
Origin: Mediterranean region
Fruit and flower extracts taken orally to treat upper respiratory viruses
Panax ginseng
Common name: ginseng
Origin: China, Korea
Rhizome extract taken orally to treat upper respiratory viruses
Echinacea spp.
Common names: echinacea, coneflower
Geography: grasslands and open fields of Great Plains of USA
Cultural origins: American indians including Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot
Ethnomedical uses:
infections, immunostimulant, respiratory infections, intestinal infections, urinary tract infections
Mech. of action: immunostimulation by increasing leukocytes, stimulate phagocytosis, and increase cytokines in peripheral blood macrophages
Therapeutic uses: immunostimulant and respiratory infections
Illicium verum
Common name: Star Anise
Origin: China and Vietnam
Modern medical use: taken orally to treat avian flu
Thymus vulgaris
Common name: thyme
Geography: Mediterranean
Ethnomedical uses: expectorant, treating lung infections, bronchospasms, fungal infections
coffea arabica
Origin: Northeast Africa
Therapeutic use: may reduce the development of liver cirrhosis
silybum marianum
Common name: milk thistle
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: liver disorders, hepatitis
Therapeutic uses: anti-hepatotoxic, prevent hepatitis, antedote to Amanita hepatic poisoning
ephedra sinica, e. equisetina, e. trifurca
Common names:
e. sinica, e. equisetina - Ma Huang
e. trifurca - mormon tea
Ethnomedical uses: asthma, sinusitis, stimulant
ammi visnaga
Common name: visnaga
Geography: Mediterranean
Cultural origins: Berber in N. Africa
Ethnomedical uses: angina, asthma
origanum vulgare
Common name: oregano
Ethnomedical uses: tea from leaves, upper respiratory infection, rhinitis
Papaver somniferum
Common name: opium
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: cough
Glaucium flavum
Therapeutic use: antitussive
Arsidia japonica
Ethnomedical use: chronic bronchitis
Therapeutic use: antitussive
Plantago afra, p. ovata
Common name: psyllium
Ethnomedical use: seeds and husk seeds used as laxative to treat constipation
senna alexandrina, cassia senna, senna augustifolia, senna spp.
Common names: senna, Tinnevelly senna pods
Ethnomedical use: treat constipation
mech. of action - stimulant laxative
Rhamnus spp., rhamnus purshianus, r. frangula
Common names:
purshianus - cascara sagrada bark
frangula - frangula bark
mec. of action - stimulant laxative
therapeutic uses - laxative to treat constipation
ricinus communis
Common name: castor oil
Mech. of action - osmotic laxative
Therapeutic uses - low dose - laxative
high dose - cathartic
mentha piperita
Common name: peppermint
Geography: Eurasia
Ethnomedical use: digestive problems with diarrhea and/or constipation
intestinal spasms
irritable bowel syndrome
berberis vulgaris, B. aquafolim, berberis spp.
Common name/Geography:
B. vulgaris - barberry, Europe
B. aquafolium - Oregonberry, USA
Therapeutic uses:
dysentery caused by bacteria and Entamoeba histolytica
Giaradia lamblia - diarrhea
secretory diarrhea including cholera
AIDS related diarhea
Fraxinus rhynchophylla
Common name: ash
Ethnomedical use: dysentery
Hemsleya amabilis
Ethnomedical use: dysentery
Modern medical use: bacillary dysentery, anti-pyretic
Croton lechleri
Common names: sangre de drago, sangre de grado
Geography: western Amazon basin, S. America
Ethnomedical use:
diarrhea
herpes skin infections
wound healing
tuberculosis
pneumonia