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104 Cards in this Set
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Erythroxylum coca
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Common name: Cocaine
Geography: Andes Mountains in S. America Ethnomedical uses: leaves are chewed with alkaline substance by Quechua people today (and Inca people in the past) to enhance endurance while working and hiking in the mountains Active compounds: cocaine alkaloid Mech. of action: inhibition of local norepinephrine re-uptake -> local vasoconstriction, local anesthetic - blockade of nerve impulses |
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Filipendula ulmaria
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Common name: meadowsweet
Geography: Eurasia Ethnomedical use: inflammation, pain, fever Pharmaceuticals: salicylic acid (aspirin) |
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Salix alba (s. helix, S. pentandra, S. praecox, S. fragilis, S. purpurea)
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Common name: willow
Geography: Meditteranean, Eurasia Ethnomedical use: analgesic, headache, anti-inflammatory, fever Active compound - salicin -> salicylic acid when metabolized |
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Aspirin mechanism of action
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1. blocks cyclooxygenase
2. decreases aconversion of arachidonic acid to endoperoxide 2. decreases formation of thrmoboxane A2 3. decreases prostaglandin synthesis 4. decreases inflammation |
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Dioscorea spp (Dioscorea mexicana, Dioscorea composita)
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Common name: wild yam
Geography: Mexico Ethnomedical use: anti-inflammatory, fish poisons, many other uses |
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Cinchona officinalis
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Geography: S. American rainforest
Therapeutic use: Rheumatoid arthritis Chemical compound: hydroxychloroquine |
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Harpagophytum procumbens
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Geography: Southern Africa in Kalahari desert
Mechanism of action - anti-inflammatory Therapeutic use - lower back pain, hip pain, and knee pain active molecule - harpagoside |
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Capsicum annuum
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Common name: Chile pepper, cayenne pepper
Geography: Tropical America Ethnomedical use of fruit: topically as analgesic for - arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias orally as a stimulant and anti-microbial active compound - capsaicin |
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capsicum frutescens
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Common name: Tabasco pepper
Geography: Tropical America Ethnomedical use of fruit: topically as analgesic for - arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias orally as a stimulant and anti-microbial active compound - capsaicin |
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Syzygium aromaticum
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Common name: clove oil
Geography: Native to Asia Mech. of action: clove oil stimulates capsaicin receptors Medical use: used topically on skin as analgesic and is applied topically to gums to treat toothaches |
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Berberis aquafolium
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Common name: Oregon Berry
Geography: Northwest USA Therapeutic use: Psoriasis |
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Eucalyptus globulus
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Geography: Australia
Ethnomedical use: topically as analgesic Phyomedicines - oil, cineole (eucalyptol) |
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Aloe vera
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Common name: aloe
Geography: vera - Southwest Arabia spp - South, East, and North Africa, Arabia Ethnomedical use: treat skin burns and skin infections |
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Hamamelis virginiana
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Common name: witch hazel
Geography: eastern N. America Ethnomedical/Therapeutic uses: topical application to treat bruises, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, aftershave |
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Arnica montana
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Common name: arnica
Geography: N and C Europe Ethnomedical/Therapeutic use: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism |
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Arnica fulgans
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Common name: arnica
Geography: North America Ethnomedical/Therapeutic use: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism |
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Calendula officinalis
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Common name: Marigold, calendula
Geography: Mediterranean area Therapeutic uses: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, skin infections, and for wound healing |
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Avena sativa
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Common name: oats
Geography: Europe Therapeutic use: topically to treat skin itching/puritis |
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Carica papaya
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Common name: papaya
Geography: Tropical America Mech. of action - protease enzymes help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing Therapeutic use: topically applied to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing taken orally to enhance digestion |
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Ananas comosus
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Common name: pineapple, ananas
Geography: South America Cultural origins: Tupi Indians in S. America Mech. of action - protease enzymes help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing Therapeutic use: topically applied to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing take orally to treat digestion and enhance digestion |
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Gossypium spp.
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Common name: Cotton
Geography: China Ethnomedical use: birth control in males Active compound: gossypol Mech. of action: inhibits sperm formation Modern medical use: male contraceptive |
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Serenoa repens
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Common name: saw palmetto
Geography: Native to Florida Ethnomedical use: fruits used by Native Americans to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy and as an aphrodisiac |
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Vitex agnus-castus
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Common name: chasteberry
Geography: native to southern Europe Mech. of action - stimulation of gonadotropic releasing hormone in hypothalamus and increases release of LH and progesterone; decreases estrogen level Therapeutic uses: reduce sexual desire, pre-menstrual stress syndrome |
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Oenothera biennis
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Common name: evening primose
Geography: Europe Ethnomedical uses: pre-menstrual syndrome, menopausal hot flashes |
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Panax ginseng
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Common name: ginseng
Geography: Korea, NE China Ethnomedical use: tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, and as an aphrodisiac |
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panax quinquefolius
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Common name: ginseng
Geography: eastern N. America Ethnomedical use: tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, and as an aphrodisiac |
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Cimicifuga racemosa
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Common name: black cohosh
Geography: N. America Ethnomedical use: pre-menstrual syndrome and menopausal hot flashes |
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Hevea brasiliensis
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Common name: para rubber
Geography: S. America Cultural origins: multiple Amazonian indigenous groups Ethnobotanical use: utensils Mech. of action - mechanical protection Modern medical uses: rubber surgical gloves, condoms |
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Saponaria officinalis
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Common name: soapwort
Geography: Europe Ethnomedical use: galactogogue |
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Trigonella foenum-graecum
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Common name: fenugreek
Geography: Europe Ethnomedical use: galactogogue |
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Galega officinalis
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Common name: goat's rue
Geography: Europe to Iran Ethnomedical use: Type 2 diabetes |
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Larrea divaricata
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Common names:
subsp. tridentata (creosote bush) - deserts of SW N. America subsp. divaricata - deserts of S. America Ethnomedical use: Type 2 diabetes, kidney disease |
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Momordica charantia
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Common name: bitter melon, bitter cucumber
Ethnomedical use: fruit taken orally to treat type 2 diabetes |
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Vernonia amygdala
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Common name: bitter leaf
Uses; leaf eaten as food, tonic, and to treat type 2 diabetes |
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opuntia basileris, opuntia spp.
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Common names: prickly pear cactus, beaver tail, nopale
Geography: Mexico, SW USA Ethnomedical use: pad-shaped stems taken orally by indigenous groups to treat type 2 diabetes mech. of action - reduces sugar absorption by the intestine |
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Morinda citrifolia
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Common name: noni, nono
Geography: SE Asia Ethnomedical use: fruit used to treat type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and is applied topically to treat skin boils |
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Ravenala madagascariensis
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Geography: W. Africa
treats type 2 diabetes |
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annona senegalensis
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Geography: W. Africa
treats type 2 diabetes |
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aframomum melegueta
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Common name: guinea peper
Geography: W. Africa Use; treat type 2 diabetes |
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anacardium occidentale
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Common name: cashew
Geography: S. America Use: treat type 2 diabetes |
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mangifera indica
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Common name: mango
Geography: Asia Use: treat type 2 diabetes |
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Camellia sinensis
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Common name: Tea
Use: tea drinkers have a lower risk of heart attacks than people who do not drink tea; anti-oxidant |
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Lycopersicum esculenta
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Common name: tomato
Use: antioxidant |
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Glycine max
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Common name: soybeans
Geography: China Uses: phytoestrogenic effects on humans |
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melilotus officinalis
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Common name: sweet clover
Goegraphy: Eurasia, naturalized in N. America Ethnomedical uses: carminative, spasmolytic Modern medical use: anti-coagulant |
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potentilla fragariodes
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Common name: cinquefoil
Ethnomedical use: hemostatic Therapeutic use: hemostatic |
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Allium sativum
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Common name: garlic
Geography: Eurasian Therapeutic use: anti-hyperlipidemic |
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Avena sativa
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Common name: oats
Geography: Meditteranean Mech. of action - oat bran in diet binds lipids in GI tract and reduces absorption |
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Pinus spp.
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Geography: Northern hemisphere
Therapeutic uses: benecol margarin is eaten as a food to lower cholesterol |
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Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea
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Common name: foxglove
Goegraphy: Europe Ethnomedical uses: cardiac stimulant, congestive heart disease |
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Acokantheran oppositifolia
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Geography: E and S Africa
Ethnomedical use: arrow poison from wood |
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Strophanthus gratus
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Geography: Africa
Ethnomedical use: poison from seeds |
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Convallaria majalis
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Common name: lily of the valley
Geography: europe Modern medical use: cardiotonic |
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Adonis vernalis
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Common names: false hellabore from Europe
Ethnomedical use: heart condition Modern medical use: cardiotonic |
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Erythroxylum coca
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Common name: coca
Geography: Andes Mountain, S. America Ethnomedical use: leaves used as a stimulant, cardiac stimulant, enhance endurance, and appetite suppressant |
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Chinchona officinalis
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Geography: Native to S. America introduced to Africa and Asia
Ethnomedical use: fever |
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Atropa belladonna
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Common name: belladonna
Geography: Europe Chemical class: alkaloid Pharmaceuticals: atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyanine |
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Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, C. oxyacantha, C. spp
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Common name: hawthorne
Ethnomedical use: leaf and flower prepartions of this small tree taken to treat coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders Mech. of action - dilation of coronary arteries Modern medical uses: coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders |
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Ammi visnaga
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Geography: Mediterranean environments in S. Europe, N. Africa
Cultural origins: Berber in N. Africa Ethnomedical uses: fruit extract taken orally to treat angina pectoris and asthma mech. of action - increased blood flow to coronary arteries to treat angina pectoris |
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Theobroma cacao
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Common name: chocolate
Therapeutic uses: smooth muscle relaxant, angina pectoris, coronary artery dilator, myocardial stimulant, diuretic |
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Rauvolfia serpentina
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Common name: rauvolfia
Geography: India, Indomalasia Ethnomedical use: anti-hypertensive, sedative, tranquilizer, anti-psychotic |
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Rhododendron molle
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Geography: China
Ethnomedical uses: hypotensive, insect repellent Modern medical uses: anti-hypertensive, tranquilizer |
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Veratrum album
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Common name: white hellebore
Modern medical use: anti-hypertensives |
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Stephania tetrandra
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Geography: Old World
Modern medical use: anti-hypertensive, sedative |
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Tanacetum parthenium
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Common name: feverfew
Geography: SE Europe Ethnomedical use: Migraine headaches, fever |
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Aesculus hippocastanum
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Common name: horse chestnut
Geography: Europe to S. Asia Ethnomedical use: seeds used in Europe to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency |
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Pausinystalia johimbe
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Common name: Yohimbine
Ethnomedical use: taken orally as an aphrodisiac in W. Africa by many different ethnolinguistic groups Mech. of action - competitve blockade on adrenergic receptors Therapeutic uses: taken orally as an aphrodisiac and to treat impotence |
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Papaver somniferum
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active compound: Papaverine
Mech. of action: vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant Therapeutic use: penis injection of papaverine, produce prolonged penile erections to treat impotence, used as an aphrodisiac |
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Colchicum autumnale
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Common name: crocus
Geography: Europe to N. Africa Ethnomedical uses: gout, pain, inflammation Mech. of action - causes a doubling of chromosomes by disorganizing the spindle mechanism at mitosis Modern medical uses - colchine as anti-tumor |
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Podophyllum peltatum and p. hexandrum
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Common name: May apple
Geography: p. peltatum - N. America p. hexandrum - Himalayas Ethnomedical uses: warts, laxative, cathartic, emetic, helminthic infections, cancer |
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Catharanthus roseus
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Common name: Madagascar periwinkle, rosy periwinkle
Geography: native to Madagascar Ethnomedical uses: Type 2 diabetes, Hodgekin's disease |
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Taxus brevifolia
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Common name: pacific yew
Geography: Northern CA up through pacific northwest Ethnomedical use: skin cancers Mech. of action - anti-microtubule and anti-mitotic |
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Viscum album
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Common name: European mistletoe
Cultural origins: Europe Ethnomedical uses: joint inflammation, malignant tumors |
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Manihot esculenta
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Common names: cassava, manihot
Geography: Amazon basin, S. America Ethnomedical uses: leaves and roots eaten as food and to treat malaria |
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chinchona officinalis, c. ledgeriana
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Common names: quina, chinchona, calisaya bark, Jesuits' bark, yellow bark, Ledger bark, crown bark, Loxa bark
Geography: Native to S. America Ethnomedical use: fever |
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Artemisia annua
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Geography: China, Vietnam, Asia
Ethnomedical use: plant leaves treat malaria for thousands of years in china and vietnam |
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Artemisia maritima
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Common name: wormseed
Ethnomedical use: anti-helminthic Mech. of action - anti-helminthic Therapeutic use: ascaris worm intestinal infections |
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Berberis vulgaris and B. aquafolium
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Common names/Geography:
barberry in Europe Oregon berry in northwest USA Ethnomedical uses: dysentery, diarrhea, skin disease |
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cinnamomum zeylanicum
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Common name: Cinnamon
Origin: Asia Bark extract taken orally to treat gastritis and stomach and duodenal uclers by inhibiting the bacteria Helicobacter pylori |
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Hydrastis canadensis
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Common name: goldenseal
Geography: N. America Cultural originas: multiple Native American groups Ethnomedical use: astringent, anti-infective, strengthen mucosal membranes in upper respiratory tract mech. of action - antimicrobial |
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Allium sativum
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Common name: garlic
Ethnomedical use: antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, aphrodisiac Therapeutic use: antimicrobial, anti-hyperlipidemic |
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Zingiber officinalis
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Common name: ginger
Geography: ASia Rhizome tuber taken orally or as a vapor to treat respiratory virus |
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Sambucus nigra
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Common name: Elderberry
Origin: Mediterranean region Fruit and flower extracts taken orally to treat upper respiratory viruses |
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Panax ginseng
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Common name: ginseng
Origin: China, Korea Rhizome extract taken orally to treat upper respiratory viruses |
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Echinacea spp.
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Common names: echinacea, coneflower
Geography: grasslands and open fields of Great Plains of USA Cultural origins: American indians including Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot Ethnomedical uses: infections, immunostimulant, respiratory infections, intestinal infections, urinary tract infections Mech. of action: immunostimulation by increasing leukocytes, stimulate phagocytosis, and increase cytokines in peripheral blood macrophages Therapeutic uses: immunostimulant and respiratory infections |
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Illicium verum
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Common name: Star Anise
Origin: China and Vietnam Modern medical use: taken orally to treat avian flu |
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Thymus vulgaris
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Common name: thyme
Geography: Mediterranean Ethnomedical uses: expectorant, treating lung infections, bronchospasms, fungal infections |
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coffea arabica
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Origin: Northeast Africa
Therapeutic use: may reduce the development of liver cirrhosis |
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silybum marianum
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Common name: milk thistle
Geography: Europe Ethnomedical uses: liver disorders, hepatitis Therapeutic uses: anti-hepatotoxic, prevent hepatitis, antedote to Amanita hepatic poisoning |
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ephedra sinica, e. equisetina, e. trifurca
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Common names:
e. sinica, e. equisetina - Ma Huang e. trifurca - mormon tea Ethnomedical uses: asthma, sinusitis, stimulant |
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ammi visnaga
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Common name: visnaga
Geography: Mediterranean Cultural origins: Berber in N. Africa Ethnomedical uses: angina, asthma |
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origanum vulgare
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Common name: oregano
Ethnomedical uses: tea from leaves, upper respiratory infection, rhinitis |
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Papaver somniferum
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Common name: opium
Geography: Europe Ethnomedical uses: cough |
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Glaucium flavum
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Therapeutic use: antitussive
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Arsidia japonica
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Ethnomedical use: chronic bronchitis
Therapeutic use: antitussive |
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Plantago afra, p. ovata
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Common name: psyllium
Ethnomedical use: seeds and husk seeds used as laxative to treat constipation |
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senna alexandrina, cassia senna, senna augustifolia, senna spp.
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Common names: senna, Tinnevelly senna pods
Ethnomedical use: treat constipation mech. of action - stimulant laxative |
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Rhamnus spp., rhamnus purshianus, r. frangula
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Common names:
purshianus - cascara sagrada bark frangula - frangula bark mec. of action - stimulant laxative therapeutic uses - laxative to treat constipation |
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ricinus communis
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Common name: castor oil
Mech. of action - osmotic laxative Therapeutic uses - low dose - laxative high dose - cathartic |
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mentha piperita
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Common name: peppermint
Geography: Eurasia Ethnomedical use: digestive problems with diarrhea and/or constipation intestinal spasms irritable bowel syndrome |
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berberis vulgaris, B. aquafolim, berberis spp.
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Common name/Geography:
B. vulgaris - barberry, Europe B. aquafolium - Oregonberry, USA Therapeutic uses: dysentery caused by bacteria and Entamoeba histolytica Giaradia lamblia - diarrhea secretory diarrhea including cholera AIDS related diarhea |
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Fraxinus rhynchophylla
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Common name: ash
Ethnomedical use: dysentery |
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Hemsleya amabilis
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Ethnomedical use: dysentery
Modern medical use: bacillary dysentery, anti-pyretic |
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Croton lechleri
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Common names: sangre de drago, sangre de grado
Geography: western Amazon basin, S. America Ethnomedical use: diarrhea herpes skin infections wound healing tuberculosis pneumonia |