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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the viruses that affect childhood?
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- Measles (Paramyxovirus)
- Mumps (Paramyxovirus) - Rubella (Togavirus) - Parvovirus B19 - Adenovirus (sometimes) - Varicella Zoster (HHV-3) - Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) - Roseola |
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What is the difference between the respiratory viruses and the viruses of childhood?
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Cause viremia after replication in upper respiratory tract --> Target organs and symptoms
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What is an exanthem? Which viruses cause them?
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- Widespread rash usually occurring in children
- Measles, Rubella, Roseola, Chicken Pox, Erythemia Infectiosum |
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What are the diseases that are prevented with an MMR vaccine? Types of viruses?
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- Measles and Mumps = Paramyxoviruses (-ssRNA - helical)
- Rubella = Togavirus (+ssRNA - icosahedral) |
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How are Measles, Mumps, and Rubella spread? What do they lead to?
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- Respiratory transmission --> Systemic infections (viremia)
- Protected from re-infection and disease after natural infection |
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How are immunizations so effective against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?
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- Each virus only has a single antigenic type
- Each virus has a systemic replication phase prior to infecting target organ - Abs can limit or block virus at this stage - Humans are only known host |
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What are the characteristic symptoms of Measles (Paramyxovirus) infection?
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- Koplik spots (red spots w/ blue-white center on buccal mucosa)
- Maculopapular rash (all over including hands and feet) - 3 C's: Cough, Coryza (Cold), Conjunctivitis - Photophobia |
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What kind of vaccine is for MMR? When is it administered?
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- Live, attenuated viruses
- 12-15 months and 4-6 years |
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What are the characteristic symptoms of Rubella (German Measles - Togavirus) infection?
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- Can cause asymptomatic infections
- Children - mild rash disease (truncal distribution) - Adults - more severe w/ arthritis or arthralgia - Neonates < 20 weeks - congenital defects |
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Which of the MMR viruses causes congenital defects in neonates <20 weeks? What symptoms?
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- Rubella (German Measles - Togavirus)
** Cataracts / ocular defects ** Heart defects (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) ** Deafness - Intrauterine growth retardation - Failure to thrive - Mortality w/in first year - Microencephaly - Mental retardation |
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What are the characteristic symptoms of Mumps (Paramyxovirus) infection?
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POM-poms:
- Parotitis (inflammation of parotid glands - swollen neck) - Orchitis (inflammation of testes) - Meningitis (aseptic) Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms |
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What kind of virus is Parvovirus B19?
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(-)ssDNA linear, no envelope (smallest DNA virus); icosahedral
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What cells are affected by Parvovirus B19? How?
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- Actively replicating RBC progenitors in bone marrow
- Receptor is blood group P antigen (globoside) - Requires host cells to be in S phase for replication - Uses cellular DNA Polymerase to replicate |
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Which virus affects RBC progenitors in the bone marrow?
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Parvovirus B19
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What are the symptoms of Parvovirus B19?
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- Usually inapparent infection
- Erythemia Infectiosum (Fifth disease) - bright red cheeks ("slapped cheeks" rash) w/ maculopapular rash - Aplastic crises in sickle cell disease - 4-14 day incubation |
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What are the complications of Parvovirus B19 infection?
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- Anemia due to reduced cell number and reduced hemoglobin
- In chronic hemolytic anemia, leads to aplastic crises d/t destruction of RBC progenitors - In fetus: still births, generalized edema (fetal hydrops), anemia, CHF, fetal death |
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What is the immune response to Parvovirus B19?
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Circulating immune complexes, primarily IgM w/ virions, then IgG
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How is Parvovirus B19 spread?
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- Respiratory transmission
- Mother-->Fetus |
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Which viruses of childhood are spread through fecal/oral transmission and lead to GI symptoms (gastroenteritis, diarrhea, vomiting)?
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- Rotavirus (Reovirus)
- Norovirus (Calicivirus) |
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What is the number one cause of fatal diarrhea in children?
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Rotavirus (Reovirus) --> ROTA = Right Out The Anus
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Which viruses of childhood are spread through fecal/oral transmission and lead to viremia (target organs and symptoms)?
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Picornaviruses:
- Poliovirus - Enteroviruses (Coxsackie virus and Echovirus) (All except Rhinoviruses - not spread fecal/oral) |
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When do enteroviruses (Coxsackievirus and Echovirus) occur most commonly?
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July-October
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What are the common causes of childhood viral meningitis? Symptoms?
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- Enteroviruses (Coxsackievirus and Echovirus)
- Mostly in children < 5 yo - Very severe in infants < 1 month: fever, irritability, poor eating, hard to awaken - Adults: headache, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, sensitivity to light - Also, Poliovirus can cause aseptic and paralytic meningitis |
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Which virus causes herpangina? What is this?
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- Coxsackie A viruses (Enterovirus - Picornavirus)
- Severe sore throat (mouth blisters) |
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Which virus causes hand, foot, and mouth disease? What is this?
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- Coxsackie A viruses (Enterovirus - Picornavirus) and Enterovirus 71
- Mild fever, sore throat, fatigue, loss of appetite, vesicular lesions |
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What are the types of symptoms for Poliovirus? Percent of incidence?
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- Inapparent / subclinical infection - 90-95%
- Mild / minor illness - 4-8% - Aseptic meningitis - 1-2% - Paralytic poliomyelitis - 0.1-2% |
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What are the characteristics of the inapparent/subclinical infection of Poliovirus?
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- Virus recovered from throat and / or stool
- Patient is asymptomatic - 90-95% of infections |
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What are the characteristics of the mild / minor illness from infection of Poliovirus?
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- Minor undifferentiated febrile illness
- Occasional upper respiratory infection - Influenza like illness, gastroenteritis - 4-8% of infections |
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What are the characteristics of an aseptic meningitis infection of Poliovirus?
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- Minor illness that progresses to CNS
- Stiffness and pain in back and neck - Disease lasts 2-10 days, rapid and complete recovery - 1-2% of infections |
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What are the characteristics of a paralytic meningitis infection of Poliovirus?
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- Initial non-specific febrile illness
- Spectrum of paralytic disease is variable (only isolated muscle groups or extensive paralysis) - Asymmetric flaccid paralysis - Lower extremities involved more than upper - Large muscle groups involved more often - Bulbar paralysis - involves CNs, medulla, respiratory compromise, death 5% overall - Slow recovery (2 years for 100%) - Residual paralysis - complication |
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What are the symptoms of Post-Polio Syndrome?
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- Affects polio survivors 10-40 years after recovery
- Sx: fatigue, new muscle weakness, muscle pain w/ muscle twitching, sleeping problems, breathing difficulties, decreased ability to tolerate cold temp, joint pain - Not life-threatening |
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What are the causes of Post-Polio Syndrome?
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Death of individual nerve terminals in motor units that remain after initial attack (no evidence for persistent infection)
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