Ia Exam 2

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international norms

Back 1

expectations actors hold about normal international relations

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international organizations (IOs)

Back 2

includes IGOs and NGOs

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UN Charter

Back 3

based on the principles that states are equal under international law; that states have full sovereignty over their own affairs; that states should have full independence and territorial integrity; and that states should carry out their international obligations -- also lays out the structure of the UN

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UN General Assembly

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group of representatives which sits together, listens to speeches, and passes resolutions

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UN Security Council

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five great powers + ten rotating member-states make decisions about international peace and security

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UN Secretariat

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executive branch of the UN, led by the secretary-general of the UN

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peacebuilding

Back 7

peace operations that entail the use of force rather than compliance by all countries

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World Health Organization (WHO)

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provides technical assistance to improve conditions and conduct major immunization campaigns in poor countries

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UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

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negotiates international trade agreements to stabilize commodity prices and promote development

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World Court (International Court of Justice)

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general world legal framework in which states can pursue grievances against each other

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immigration law

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governed by principle of territoriality

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diplomatic recognition

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defines the status of embassies and of an ambassador as an official state representative

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diplomatic immunity

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the ability to be shielded from arrest while within borders of a foreign state

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human rights

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the rights of human beings against certain abuses of their own governments

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

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1948 - considered the core international document concerning human rights

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Amnesty International

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NGO that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of human rights

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responsibility to protect

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the idea that governments worldwide must act to save civilians from genocide or crimes against humanity perpetrated or allowed by their own governments

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war crimes

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large-scale abuses of human rights that have occurred during a time of war

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crimes against humanity

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inhumane acts and persecutions against civilians on a vast scale in the pursuit of unjust ends

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International Criminal Court

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hears cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity from anywhere in the world -- opened in 2003

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prisoners of war (POWs)

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soldiers have the right under the laws of war to surrender their statues as combatants and become POWs

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International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

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provides practical support -- medical care, food, and letters from home -- to civilians caught in war and POWs. Exchange of POWs is generally negotiated by the ICRC

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just wars

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legal wars - not of agression

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mercantilism

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shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interest at the expense of others - not relying on international organizations to create a framework for mutual gains

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economic liberalism

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believes in the possibility of cooperation to realize common gains

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free trade

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open system of trade between countries

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balance of trade

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the value of a states imports relative to its exports

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comparative advantage

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comes from producing different goods at different efficiencies -- some countries are more fitted to produce A rather than B

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autarky

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attempt to produce everything needed internally and avoid dependence on other countries

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protectionism

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attempt to manipulate international trade in an effort to strengthen domestic industries and protect them from world market forces

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tariff

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tax imposed on certain types of imported goods

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nontariff barriers

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quotas, subsidies, and regulation - other ways of controlling trade

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World Trade Organization (WTO)

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global, multilateral IGO that promotes, monitors, and adjudicates international trade

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

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1947 - facilitated freer trade on a multilateral basis (followed by WTO)

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most-favored nation (MFN)

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the idea that trade restrictions imposed on its most favored nation must be applied equally to all WTO members

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Generalized system of Preferences (GSP)

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exception to MFN system -- 1970's -- rich countries give concessions to poor countries to help their development

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Uruguay Round

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1986-1994

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Doha Round

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2001

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

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1994 -- did not perform like expected

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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

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most prominent cartel in the international economy - about 40% of all oil

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industrial policy

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governments working with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs

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intellectual property rights

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rights of creators of books, films, music, etc to collect royalties when their products are sold

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industrialization

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the use of energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it