I/o Psych Final (Chapter 8)

Front 1

Def: Work Motivation

Back 1

“Workmotivation is a setof energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyondan individual’s being, to initiate work-related behaviour, and to determineits form,direction, intensity, and duration.”

Front 2

List: Need Theories

Back 2

- Need Hierarchy Theory

- Two-factor Theory

Front 3

Def: Reinforcement Theory

Back 3

- Behaviour is the function of its consequences

- Does not involve internal states such as motivation (is a non-motivational theory)

- Both tangible and intangible rewards

- Behaviour is a response to environment

- Behaviour as a function of prior reward experiences

Front 4

What is the major tenant of reinforcement theory?

Back 4

Law of effect: probability of a particular behaviour increases if it is followed by a reward or reinforcement (and the opposite)

Front 5

Def: Incentive systems

Back 5

- Rewards contingent on individual unites of productivity

Front 6

Perspectives on Motivation

Back 6

- Internal state that inspires someone to engage in a particular behaviour

- concern to achieve a goal, derives from ones wants, needs, desires

Front 7

List: Work Motivation Theories

Back 7

- Need hierarchy theory

- Two factor theory

- Reinforcement theory

- Expectancy theory

- Self Efficacy theory

- Justice theory

- Goal setting theory

- Cognitive control theory

- Action theory

Front 8

Three aspects of Motivation:

Back 8

- Direction: refers to the choice of specific behaviour from ma large number of possible behaviours

- Intensity: refers to the amount of effort a person expends on a task

-Persistence: refers to the continuing engagement in a behaviour over time

Front 9

Need Theories Perspective

Back 9

- View motivation as deriving from people’s desires forcertain things, and it is implied that needs can differ both within the same person over time andacross different people.

Front 10

Recent I/O psych favours?

Back 10

- Cognitively orientedtheories such as the control, goal setting, and self efficacy theories

Front 11

Why are Need theories less popular?

Back 11

- Needs are distal constructs that are far removed from job performance

- The general needs in thesetheories can be satisfied in many ways and with many behaviours

Front 12

Def: Distal motivation theories

Back 12

- Deals with processes that are far removed from the behaviour

Front 13

Locke and Latham combined which theories?

Back 13

- combined aspects of expectancy and self-efficacy theory with their goal-setting theory

Front 14

Def: Two Factor Theory

Back 14

- Herzberg's two-factor theory states that motivation comes from the nature of the job itself, notfrom external rewards or job conditions

Front 15

Two Factor Theory Human Categories

Back 15

1. Those deriving from the animal nature of human beings, such as physiological needs

2. Those relating to a higher level, uniquely human ability for psychological growth

Front 16

Two Factor: Jobs relating to Animal needs?

Back 16

- Hygiene factors and include pay,supervision, coworkers, and organizational policies

Front 17

Two Factor: Jobs relating to Growth needs?

Back 17

- Motivator factors and include achievement,recognition, responsibility, and the nature of work itself

Front 18

Two Factor: Limiting aspect of Hygiene factor?

Back 18

- According to Herzberg, hygiene factors cannot lead to motivation or satisfaction with work, nomatter how favourable, but it is the motivator factors that lead to this

Front 19

Reinforcement Theory: monetary vs. non monetary rewards

Back 19

- Monetary rewards have a larger impact on performance than non monetary performance (avg 16% ^)

Front 20

Reinforcement Theory: Lottery System

Back 20

The lottery system studied by Pedalino and Gamboa involved all employees present at workeach day were allowed to draw a card and at the end of the week, each employee who hasperfect attendance would have a five card poker hand, and the eight employees with the bestpoker hands would win a prize of $20. This system was found to reduce absences by about18%

Front 21

Reinforcement Theory: Downsides

Back 21

- Some people believe these systems involve an unethical form of manipulation, and anotherdownfall is that these theories do not give much insight on motivational behaviour, it merelydescribes relations between reinforcement and - - Reinforcement theory says nothing about whether or not a person will want a reward

Front 22

Goal Setting Theory: Origins

Back 22

•ScientificManagement (Taylor)

•Managementby Objectives (Drucker)

•CognitivePsychology (e.g., role of intention)

- most successful with I/O psychologists

Front 23

Goal Setting Theory: Ed Locke Lab study findings?

Back 23

- People who assigned difficult and specific goals outperform those assigned easy, or ambiguous goals

Front 24

Goal Setting Theory: Field study findings?

Back 24

- Generally replicated lab studies

- Latham& Baldes(1975)Tested effects of assigned goals with unionized truck drivers in thelogging industryUnion conditions:

- no punishmentor monetary incentives

- Goal: load trucks at 90% oflegal limit

- Performance monitored and posted

Front 25

Goal Setting Theory: Mechanisms (how goal setting works)?

Back 25

1.Directsaction

2.Leadsto strategy development

3.Increasesmotivation (energizes action)4.Increasespersistence

Front 26

SMART Goals

Back 26

- Specific

- Measurable

- Attainable

- Relevant

- Time-bound

Front 27

Goal Setting Theory: Goal Orientation (learning vs. performance orientation)

Back 27

- People vary in their goal orientation (whether they focus their efforts on learning or performance

- Learning orientation: concerned with enhancing knowledge and skill

- Performance orientation: concerned with enhancing performance on specific job tasks

Front 28

Def: Action Theory

Back 28

- Action theory describes the action process linking a hierarchy of cognitions to both actionsand feedback from the environment

- Describes the action process linking a hierarchy of cognitions to both actionsand feedback from the environment

Front 29

Def: Action versus state orientation

Back 29

one of the personality variables in action theory

Front 30

Def: Goal Theory

Back 30

- Control theory builds upon goal setting theory by focusing on how feedback affects motivationto maintain effort toward a goal

Front 31

Def: Expectancy Theory

Back 31

- Expectancy theory tries to explain how rewards lead to behaviour by focusing on internalcognitive states that lead to motivation, so it explains why and when reinforcements will lead tobehaviour

Front 32

Def: Vrooms Expectancy Theory

Back 32

- is that motivation or force is a mathematical function of three typesof cognitions

Front 33

Vrooms Expectancy Theory Equation:

Back 33

- The equation relating to force cognitions is: Force=Expectancy x Sum (Valences xInstrumentalities)

Front 34

Expectancy Equation: Force

Back 34

- Motivation to perform (in relation to job performance)

Front 35

Expectancy Equation: Expectancy

Back 35

- subjective probability that a person has about his or her ability toperform a behaviour

Front 36

Expectancy Equation: Valence

Back 36

- Is the value of an outcome or reward to a person

Front 37

Expectancy Equation: Instrumentality

Back 37

- Subjective probability that a given behaviour will result in a particular reward

Front 38

Def: Self Efficacy Theory

Back 38

- Motivation and performance are determined in part by howeffective people believe they can be

Front 39

Difference between Self Efficacy Theory and Expectancy Theory

Back 39

- Expectancy concerned employees confidence and motivation with specific activity or task

- Self Efficacy reflects a persons confidence in their abilities overall

Front 40

Self Efficacy: Galatea effect

Back 40

- When people’s beliefs about their own capabilities lead them to perform better,as in self-fulfilling prophecy