I And I Block 3

Front 1

Influenza virus enters the body through the _, via _.

Back 1

Respiratory tract

via Inhaled droplet/spores

Front 2

Neisseria mengitidis enters the body through the _, via _.

Back 2

Respiratory tract via inhaled droplets/spores

Front 3

Salmonella typhi enters the body through the _, via _.

Back 3

GI tract, via contaminated water or food

Front 4

Rotavirus enters the body through the _, via _.

Back 4

GI tract via contaminated water or food.

This virus causes diarrhea

Front 5

Treponema pallidum enters the body through the _, via _.

Back 5

Reproductive tract via physical contact.

*This disease causes syphillis

Front 6

Trichophyton enters the body through the _, via _.

Back 6

external surface via physical contact.

*This organism causes athletes foot

Front 7

Bacillus anthracis enters the body via _

Back 7

skin abrasions

Front 8

Clostridium tetani enters the body through _, via _.

Back 8

wounds and abrasions via puncture wounds.

Front 9

Francisella tularensis enters the body through _ via _.

Back 9

wounds and abrasions via animal handling

Front 10

Flavivirus enters the body through _, via _.

Back 10

insect bites, via mosquitos

Front 11

Plasmodium species enters the body through _, via _.

Back 11

insect bites, via mosquito bites (anopheles).

*This organism causes malaria

Front 12

Borrelia burgdorferi enters the body through _, via _.

Back 12

insect bites via deer tick bites.

*This organism causes lyme disease

Front 13

Antibodies are _produced by plasma cells.

Back 13

gycoproteins

Front 14

B cells differentiate into _ in response to _.

Back 14

plasma cells

antigenic stimulation

Front 15

Humoral immunity means it is mediated by _

Back 15

an antibody

Front 16

What are some examples of antigen presenting cells?

Back 16

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

Front 17

What are some examples of effector cells?

Back 17

Neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, and effects T and B cells

Front 18

Surfactants A and D function as _ which enhance the efficiency of _

Back 18

opsonins

phagocytosis

Front 19

_ is a specific molecular signature for many fungi, while _ is a specific molecular signature for many gram negative bacteria.

Back 19

Mannose

LPS

Front 20

What are the 4 characteristics of inflammation?

Back 20

calor (heat), dolor (pain), rubor (red), tumor (swelling)

Front 21

Cytokines are released in response to _, and induce _ of capillaries.

Back 21

tissue damage; dilation of capillaries

Front 22

After the innate phase of the immune response, is the _ phase, which is specific. However, a threshold must be reached before this is activated

Back 22

adaptive

Front 23

What is the course of an acute infection? (4)

Back 23

1. Establishment of the infection
2. Induction of adaptive response
3. Adaptive immune response
4. Immunological memory

Front 24

Adaptive immunity is mediated by _

Back 24

lymphocytes

(T and B cells)

Front 25

When an immune response is cell mediated, it is controlled by _ cells.

When it is humoral immunity, it is mediated by _ cells

Back 25

T cell (cell mediated)

B cells (humoral mediated)

Front 26

B cells, after exposure to a pathogen, differentiate into _ cells, which have the ability to produce _

Back 26

plasma cells; antibodies

Front 27

Clearance of pathogens is dependent on recognition of the microbe by antigen presenting cells such as _, followed by elimination of the pathogen by the innate system (_,_,_ cells) and adaptive (_ and _ cells)

Back 27

dendritic, macrophages, and B Cells

Innate: neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells

Adaptive: T and B cells (lymphocytes)

Front 28

How do defensins help defend our body from pathogens?

Back 28

Defensins, such as alpha (GI)and beta defesins (skin, resp, gi) poke holes in the pathogen's membranes. They are part of the first line of defense

Front 29

After the pathogen gets into our body, there are certain chemical mediators that work on them, what are they?

Back 29

cytokine, chemokine, complements

Front 30

_, are found on the surface of innate immune cells and recognize a specific pattern from a particular group of organism, called PAMP or pathogen associated molecular pattern.

Back 30

Pattern Recognition Receptors, PRR

Ex: All gram neg bacteria contain LPS in their membrane (the PAMP), which is recognized by an TLR4 receptor (the PRR)...likewise, fungi possess mannose (the PAMP) which is recognized by mannose receptors (PRR).

These are not Highly specific.

Front 31

After an immune cell recognizes a pathogen (the PRR binds to PAMP), what occurs?

Back 31

The immune cell starts to produce a variety of mediators such as cytokines, complements, PGs, LTs, and platelet activating factor....and trigger INFLAMMATION

Front 32

Cytokines, after being released by injured tissue, is responsible for _ and _

Back 32

dilation of blood capillaries (increase blood flow -rubor, calor), and increase cell recruitment (upregulate adhesion on the epithelium), along with chemokines

Front 33

What causes the 'tumor' and 'dolor' aspects of the inflammatory response?

Back 33

VASOLDILATION (induced by cytokines) INDUCES gap between endothelial cells, which increases the leak of blood plasma into interstitial spaces causes EDEMA, or tumor.

Increased fluid volume puts PRESSURE ON NERVE ENDINGS, causing pain, as well as Prostaglandins cause pain.

Front 34

Complements function as a _ and enhance the performance of _ cells

Back 34

molecular tag

effector cells.

Front 35

How are the precise antigen receptors generated?

Back 35

Random somatic recombination (t and b cells), and somatic hympermutation (b cells)

Front 36

_ on B cells or _ on T cells recognize and bind to an antigen.
The particular part of the antigen bound is known as the _

Back 36

Immunoglobulin (Ig) on B cells, or T cell receptor

antigenic determinant or epitope

Front 37

B cell receptor and antibodies are the same, with one difference, what is it?

Back 37

antibodies are when the B cell receptor is cleaved from the plasma cell, and therefore lacks the transmembrane region. They are circulating in the system.

Ie. When the B cell receptor is secretory.

Front 38

An epitope is _

Back 38

the part of the antigen that is bound by the Ig or TCR

Front 39

The constant region determines the _ of the immunoglobulin.

Back 39

isotype (there are 5 different types: M,D,G,A,E)

Front 40

_ is the key principle for developing a diverse but specific adaptive immune system.

Back 40

Clonal selection

Front 41

Rearrangment of the germline DNA segments is the basis of the diversity of Ig and TCR, this occurs in the _, and is called _

Back 41

soma, somatic recombination

Front 42

The addition of new nucleotides at the junction of V
region gene segments result in additional diversity of
the hypervariable region, and hence called _

Back 42

junctional diversity

Front 43

_ and _ only occur in B cells (Ig)

Back 43

Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation

Front 44

_ occurs after a B cell encounters a pathogen and involves nucleotide substitution to make the Ig bind to the antigen more strongly.

Back 44

Somatic hypermutation

Front 45

T cell Receptors only recognize an antigen in what form?

Back 45

Processed peptides in the context of an MHC molecule.

In other words, a different molecule breaks down protein from the antigen, combines it when a membrane glycoprotein forming an MHC and presents it to the T cell.

Front 46

What are different types of antigen presenting cells? Who are they presenting the antigen to?

Back 46

Dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages

they process the antigen and present it to T cells

Front 47

MHC molecules are found where?

Back 47

On the surface of antigen presenting cells such as denritic cells, B cells, and macrophages.

They combine with a processed peptide and present it to T cells.

Front 48

Two types of MHC molecules: MHC I and MHC II.
MHC I is recognized by _ cells,

MHC II is recognized by _ cells

Back 48

CD8+, cytotoxic T cells

CD4+ T cells aka T helper cells,

Front 49

There are two types of CD4+ cells. what are they and what's the difference?

Back 49

two types: - T helper cell 1 recognizes antigen on macrophages

T helper cell 2 recognizes antigen on B cells

Front 50

What are the functions of an antibody (which, remember is secreted from B cells)?

Back 50

Neutralization,
Opsonisation, and
Complement Activation

Front 51

What are two ways opsonization can occur

Back 51

Opsonization can occur either by IgG coating the pathogen, or by activating complements which will opsonize the pathogen . Both facilitate the engulfment of the pathogen by macrophages.

Front 52

_ of developing B and T cells in the bone marrow and thymus is a critical step in generation of self tolerant lymphocytes.

Back 52

Clonal selection

Front 53

T cells first undergo positive selection, which is_, and then negative selection, which...

Back 53

Positive selection is where TCRs interact with MHCI and MHC II molecules in the thymus cortex, those that interact strongly are saved.

Negative selection is when the cells that bind too strongly with self MHC molecules are eliminated.

Front 54

What are the two unwanted effects of the adaptive immune system?

What Immunoglobulin does this typically involve?

Back 54

Allergies and hypersensitivity

IgE

Front 55

Development of Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been correlated with previous infection with _ virus.

Back 55

Coxsackie virus

This occurs when the virus specific T cells by chance also reacts with the MHC:peptide complexes on healthy beta cells in the pancreas.

Front 56

IgE never takes part in _ responses, all other Immunoglobulins do

Back 56

autoimmunity

?

Front 57

Bone marrow stem cells need two types of regulation when developing into different lineages, what are they?

Back 57

Spatial regulation - contact mediated

Temporal regulation -

Front 58

Macrophages, mast cells and dendritic cells are found in _

Back 58

tissues

Front 59

Hematopoetic stem cells gives rise to 3 types of progenitor cells, what are they??

Back 59

Common lymphoid progenitor, myeloid progenitor, and erythroid progenitor

Front 60

_ is required for lymphoid progenitors

myeloid progenitors require

Back 60

cytokine IL7

GMCSF/IL3

Front 61

Erythroid progenitor cells can differentiate into _ and _

Back 61

Erythroblast (erythrocyte) and Megakaryocyte (platelet)

Front 62

_ is required for megakaryocytes to differentiate into platelets

Back 62

IL 11

Front 63

Monocyte nucleus is _ shaped, they differentiate into _ once they are in tissues.

Back 63

horse shoe

macrophages. (which are called different names depending on what tissue they are in: Kupffer (liver), microglia (brain),

Front 64

CD 14 is the surface marker for _

Back 64

macrophages (monocytes)

Front 65

Dendritic cells are _ cells, with high expression of _

Back 65

antigen presenting cells

MHC Class II

Front 66

_ are the predominant white blood cell in humans

Back 66

Neutrophils

Front 67

Eosinophils are associated with what conditions?

Back 67

Allergy and parasitic infection

Front 68

_ and _ are "flame thrower cells" meaning they release their cytoplasmic granules such as histamin, heparin, and prostaglandins which contribute to inflammatory reactions

Back 68

basophils and mast cells.

they are major players in allergic reactions

Front 69

NK cells kill _ and _ cells.

They posses what cell surface molecules?

Back 69

virus infected and tumor cells.

Fc receptor (CD 16) and CD56

Front 70

gamma:delta T cells belong to the _ immune system, because they do not possess _.

They _ in the event of an infection

Back 70

innate, specific receptors for different antigens

they release cytokines and strengthen the power of the innate immune response

Front 71

B1 cells are non traditional B cells, they only produce _,

Back 71

IgM, they do not have the ability to class switch

Front 72

IgD is not a product of class switching, it is a product of

Back 72

alternate splicing

Front 73

CD4 cells will always recognize antigen in the context of _

T cells only recognize _

Back 73

MHC 2

processed peptides

Front 74

CD4 cells are aka _,

T helper Cell 1 secretes _ and _. They help _ and _

T helper Cell 2 secretes _,_ and helps _ cells

Back 74

T helper cells (help by secreting cytokines)

IL2, INFgamma, help CTLs and macrophages

IL4, IL5, B cells

Front 75

CD8 cells are aka _.

Whenever they recognize antigen in the context of _, they will _

Back 75

CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes

MHC Class I, kill that cell.

Front 76

The cortex of the thymus is the site of _, while the medulla is the site of _

slide 32

Back 76

positive selection, negative selection

Front 77

The _ is the area surrounding central arterioles in the spleen, which is rich in T cells.

Back 77

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

Front 78

The _ is the out pocketing of lymphocytes from PALS, which is rich in B cells.

Back 78

Lymphoid follicle

Front 79

The _ is the site of immune response to blood borne antigens,

The _ is the site of immune response to tissure borne antigens

Back 79

spleen

lymph nodes

Front 80

Cortex of lymph nodes is comprised of primary and secondary follicles (_ cell rich) interspersed by a paracortical region (rich in _ cells).

The medulla is rich in _ and _ cells

Back 80

B cell

T cells

macrophages and plasma cells

Front 81

Cytokines can have autocrine effects.
For example, _ has an autocrine effect on macrophages, _has autocrine effect on Tcells

Back 81

TNF alpha

IL-2

Front 82

Cytokines can have paracrine effects.
For example, INFgamma released by NK cells stimulate _ and _.

Back 82

macrophages and T cells (TH1)

Front 83

Cytokines can have endocrine effects.
For example, _ released by _ and _ cells stimulate growth and differentiation of myelomonocytic cells in the bone marrow

Back 83

GM-CSF

macrophages and T

Front 84

What are the 2 major structural families of cytokines?

Back 84

hematopoeitin and TNF family

Front 85

There are 4 classes of chemokines, divided on the basis of _

Back 85

on the basis of arrangement of the first 4 onserved Cysteine residues at the amino terminus

Front 86

In a lymph node....The cortex is where you find _

The paracortical area is where you find _.

The medulla is where you find _

Back 86

B cells

T cells

macrophages and plasma cells

Front 87

In the spleen...T cells are found in the _.

B cells are found in the _

Back 87

PALS - periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

lymphoid follicles