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10 Cards in this Set

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List the Families found under the Sub-order Hystricomorpha

Chinchillidae, Caviidae, Octodontidae

What are the common clinical conditions of histricomorph species

1. Respiratory


> Bordetella bronchiseptica (do not mix rabbits and guinea pigs) +/- Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Strep




> Very common, underlying chronic respiratory disease probably reason for most GA deaths in these species




> nasal discharge, sneezing, dyspnoea, ratling, coughing, Harderian gland red secretion




>Tx: reduce ammonia levels in enclosure, oxygen, bonchodilators, NSAIDs, mucolytics (bromhexine nebulisation), Vit C and ABs. 1 ml F10: 250 ml water




2. Urolithiasis and Cystitis


> Guinea pigs esp




> associated w/ diets high in calcium and oxalate or carbonate (radio-opaque so xray = Dx)




> Bacterial infection (strep. pyogenes, proteus mirabilis, E. coli)




> dysuria, stanguria, haematuria, depression


> Tx: cystotomy, ABs and analgesia fro cystisis.


> Recurrence is common - NSAIDs and glucosamine + reduce calcium and oxalate in diet




3. Flystrike


> esp. obese, old guinea pigs + dental disease


> Tx: daily cleaning of perineum, removal of maggots, ABs if wounds large, topical ivermectin , supplement with Vit K & B




4. Seizures/Epilepsy


> All species


> severe Trixacarus caviae (mange in G. pigs)




5. Pregnancy toxaemia/ketoacidosis


> mainly G. pigs, obese males and non-pregnant females also succumb


> Toxic Form: obese pregs --> foetal displacemnt impairs uterine blood supply --> ischaemia, fotal death, DIC




> True Metabolic Form: stressor (fasting or transport) --> depression, anorexia, abortion, slaivation, convulsions, coma and death, ketones on breath and urine --> PM = hepatic lipidosis




>Tx: caesarean, glucose/dextrose containig fluids or propylene glycol + corticosteroids + Ca gluconate




6. Torticollis


> 2ndry to streptococcus otitis media/interna --> pus @ ear base


> head tilt, circling, rolling, nystagmus


> Tx: NSAIDs + ABs effective in acute cases only




7. Hypovitaminosis C


> Guinea Pigs need 10 mg/kg/day Vit C or 30 mg/kg/day preggers (lack L-gluconolactone oxidase)


> Deficiency sen in 11 - 14 days: lack of collagen synthesis --> rough hair coat, scaling, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, altered gait, painful locomotion (bleeding into joints), wasting, gingival haemorrhage, loose teeth



> SCURVY!! death in 2 weeks if not treated




> Tx: 50 - 100 mg/kg/day Vit C --> resolution of signs < 7 days

How do you sex the different species of rodents?

Mouse - 5 pairs of nipples, males have greater ano-genital distance,prominent testicles and os penis




Rats - 6 pairs of nipples, as above




Hamster - as above




Guinea Pig


- M: O shaped prepucial orifice, testicles palpable in entire male, os penis


- F: Y-shaped anogenital region




Chinchilla & Degu


Males have great anogenitla distance, testicles not palpable as may be inguinal or intra-abdominal



What is the hystricomorph dental formula?




What is their ideal diet?

1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3




Both cheek teeth and incisors grow constantly




Ad lib hay/grass,


Pellets,


Leafy greens(esp. Guinea Pigs --> Vit C)

A) What is the most common cause of dental disease in hystricomorph species?




B) What are the clinical signs?




C) Treatment?



A) Lack of dietary fibre (trauma or congenital causes less common) --> reduced wear --> ovrgrowth --> dental spurs --> oral trauma --> abscessation




B) Inappetance,


> Difficulty eating


> Salivation


> Pain (teeth grinding, gut stasis, head shy, pawing at mouth and reduced activity)


> Weight loss


> +/- halitosis, facial swelling, oculonasal discharge


> Dirty bottom




C) Burring, extraction, surgical abscess removal

Diabetes mellitus in Rodents

> Most common in Degu, seen in all other domestic rodent species except mouse




> Type 1 (insulin dependent) - high resting glucose, low resting insulin (islet beta cells not producing) --> but somatic cells still responsive to insulin so can treat with exogenous insulin




> Type 2 (insulin resistant) - high resting glucose, high/normal insulin --> cells resistant --> beta cells eventually become exhausted --> Type 1




> In degus has to do with inappropriate diet --> islet amyloidosis --> spontaneous




> CS: PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss, fertility problems, cataracts, depression




> Dx Tests - dipstick: glucosuria, ketonuria




>Tx: high fibre diet, dieting, supportive care, insulin therapy rarely indicated

What insulin therapy would be appropriate for


A) Chinese hamsters


B) Rats and Chinchillas


C) Guinea Pigs

A) Neutral Protamine (NPH) Insulin - 2 IU per animal/day




B) Caninsulin - 1-2 IU/kg SC BID intially


- incremental increase by 0.5IU/kg


- 2X daily urinalysis




C) Glipizide 2-5 mg/kg PO q12 hrs

Which two species are more likely to be affected by hyperthyroidism?




What would be appropriate treatment?

Guinea pigs and chinchilla




Tx: methimazole 1mg/animal/day PO




OR surgical removal of hyperactive thyroid gland




OR radioactive iodine

Cystic Ovarian Disease


A) Which species?


B) Types of cysts?


C) Clinical signs


D) Treatment?


E) Post-op care

A) Guinea pigs (75% of breeding/non-breeding females between 1.5 - 5 years) and Gerbils




B) Cystic rete ovarii - serous, non-functional, spontaneous development, common in mesonephric ligament




Follicular cyst - less common, functional --> oesrogen --> irregular oestrus cycles + 2ndry follicles




Paraovarian cysts - rare




C) asymptomatic --> abdo distension, pain, non-pruritic alopecia, infertility, vaginal bleeding, GI stasis, weight loss




D) Tx: HCG 100 IU i.m one per week for 3 weeks




GnRH Two 25 ug injections IM, 2 weeks apart




Leuprolide acetate 100 ug/kg once every 3 weeks




Percutaenous drainage




OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY is GOLD STANDARD




E) Analgesia - meloxicam, buprenorphine


Maintain temperature


Fluids - 75 - 100 ml/kg/day as 4/5 SC boluses





Cavian Leukaemia

Lymphosarcoma, malignant, rapidly progressive




Type C retrovirus association?




> Lymphadenopathy


> DX: haematology, LN FNA/biopsy


> Prognosis POOR