Hypothalamus I: Structural Organization

Front 1

how are physiological set points represented in the brain

Back 1

as set point neurons in the hypothalamus that have a "discharge rate"

Front 2

what do the hypothalamic efferents affect?

Back 2

autonomic, neuroendocrine, behavior (limbic) and immune functions

Front 3

what is the superior boundary of hypothalamus

Back 3

hypothalamic sulcus (ext of sulcus limitans)

Front 4

rostral boundary of hypothalamus?

Back 4

optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, ant commisure

Front 5

inferior boundary of hypothalamus?

Back 5

tuber cinereum (median eminence and infundibulum)

Front 6

post boundary of hypothalamus

Back 6

mammillary bodies

Front 7

lateral bound of hypothalmus

Back 7

internal capsule

Front 8

what is the function of periventricular zone

Back 8

neuroendocrine function

Front 9

what is the function of medial zone of hypothalamus

Back 9

autonomic, neuroendocrine of enteric system

Front 10

what is the function of lateral zone of hypothalamus

Back 10

autonomic and neuroendocrine control of CV system

Front 11

what receptors are located at the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (ovlt)

Back 11

IL-1 and TNF receptors here that initate the central synthesis of prostaglandins, blood osmolality detected here also; this is a circumventricular orgam

Front 12

what is the median eminence important for?

Back 12

this is a circumventricular organ that is essential for nromal feedback on the hypothalamus for neuroendorcine control

Front 13

what is the area postrema imp for?

Back 13

this is a circumventricular organ that induced emesis by toxins in the blood stream that affect the hypothalamus to induce taste aversion

Front 14

what is the subfornical organ imp for?

Back 14

this is a circumventricular organ where ang II affects nerve endings here

Front 15

what is the pineal body imp for?

Back 15

this is a circumventricular organ that affects circadian and circannual timing patterns

Front 16

function of paraventricular nucleus

Back 16

fluid balance, milk let down, parturition, autonomic and ant pituitary control

Front 17

function of preoptic nuclues

Back 17

thermoregulation, sex behavior

Front 18

function of anterior nucleus

Back 18

thermoregulattion and sex behavior

Front 19

function of suprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 19

biolgocial rhythms

Front 20

function of supraoptic nucleus

Back 20

fluid balance, milk let down, parturition

Front 21

function of dorsomedial nucleus

Back 21

emotion (rage)

Front 22

function of ventromedial nucleus

Back 22

appetite, body weight, insulin regulation

Front 23

function of arcuate nucleus

Back 23

control of ant pituitary, feeding

Front 24

function of posterior nucleus

Back 24

thermoregulation

Front 25

function of mammillary nucleus

Back 25

emotion and short term memory

Front 26

function of lateral complex nucleus

Back 26

appetite and body weight control

Front 27

def: circadian timing

Back 27

refers to daily fluctuations that occur in hormone levels, body temp, sleep-wake cycle, etc

Front 28

def: circannual timing

Back 28

refers to fluctuations in function tath occur on a yearly cycle

Front 29

what are the nucleus and neural pathway associated with biological timing and rhythms

Back 29

the scn and the retinohypothalamic tract

Front 30

where does the retinohypothalamic nucleus originate?

Back 30

the non-rod, non-cone subset of retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin directly activated by light

Front 31

how does input from the retinohypothalamic tract effect the scn?

Back 31

it affects the transcription of light-sensitive clock, bmal, period (per), and cryptochrome (cry) genes

Front 32

where does the scn project to?

Back 32

the intra and extra-hypothalamic slave oscillator targets to influence rhythms of activity (wtf does that mean??)

Front 33

describe the pathway of melatonin secretion in light

Back 33

light activates the scn-->increased input to pv nucleus-->activates symp preganglionic neurons in T1-T2 spinal intermediolateral cell column-->inhibition of SCG (no melatonin secretion)

Front 34

describe the pathway of melatonin secretion in dark

Back 34

darkness means NO activation of SCN, therefore inhibition of SCG by IML is removed and melatonin secretion increases through disinhibition

Front 35

jet lag or rapid time zone change syndrome ---describe the activity of mPer and mCry in the SCN to advance in light onset

Back 35

mPer: reacts rapidly to advance in light onset
mCry: reacts slowly (3 hrs/cycle)
when the expression returns to baseline, the cycle realigns

Front 36

what happens to mPer and mCry expression cycles in a delay in the light cycle (in regards to jet lag)

Back 36

mPer and mCry expression react rapidly and in parallel, so a complete reset is achieved within one cycle

Front 37

delayed sleep phase syndrome: describe the mechanism

Back 37

desnsitization of scn pacemakers to phase-advancing stimuli; associated with teens (what the hell is phase advancing stimuli??)

Front 38

advanced sleep phase syndrome: describe the problem

Back 38

missense in mPer2 (old people problem)

Front 39

entrainment failure

Back 39

where the retino-hypothalamic tract is absent (mostly associated with the blind, although the retinohypothalamic tract has NOTHING to do with vision) can also be absent in ppl with vision

Front 40

def: chronomobidity

Back 40

certain disorders characteristically show peak prevalence at particular times of the day

Front 41

def: chronotherapeutics

Back 41

application of therapies at the time of day that will have the greatest impact (e.g. treating seasonal affective disorder with bright light therapy only during the morning hours)

Front 42

In regards to the organization of the hypothalamic zones what side is parasympathetic and Sympathetic

Back 42

anterior = parasym
posterior = sympathetic