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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does the limbic lobe consist of?
Cingulate gyrus

Parahipoocampal gyrus

Septal area
The subiculum is a transitional zone of cortex between what structures?
Hippocampus proper and entorhinal area
What is the major input to the hippocampus?
Entorhinal area
What does the fornix connect?
Hypothalamus to hippocampus
What structure is often involved in Alzheimer's and epilepsy?
Hippocampus and entorhinal area
What lesion causes anterograde amnesia?
Bilateral lesion to entorhinal areas or hippocampus
What vitamin B deficiency is seen in alcoholics?
Thiamine
What is Korsakoff syndrome?
Anterograde amnesia+tendency to have confabulations
What causes Korsakoff syndrome?
Bilateral lesion to mamillary nuclei and/or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
What is the connections of the medial amygdala?
Olfactory tract --> medial amygdala --> hypothalamus
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Loss of fear, hypersexuality, hyperattentiveness, lack of emotions and inability to recognize fearful or angry expressions

Also visual agnosia
What causes Kluver Bucy syndrome?
Bilateral lesions to amygdala
What structure is affected in long term drug addition?
Anterior part of cingulate gyrus
What are the four regions of the hypothalamus?
Preoptic

Suprachiasmatic

Tuberal

Mamillary
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
It maintains a constant environment and the body's response to environment and emotional stressors
What kind of input and output is involved with the hypothalamus?
Neural and humoral
Lesions to what parts of the hypothalamus results in hyperpyrexia?
Preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area
Where is the heat dissipation center in the hypothalamus?
Preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area
Where is the heat conservation center in the hypothalamus?
Posterior hypothalamus
What lesion causes poikilothermia?
Lesion (ie tumor or infarct) in posterior hypothalamus
Why do you get poikilothermia in a lesion to the posterior hypothalamus?
Fibers from heat loss centers also travel through same region as heat conservation centers.
How does the lipostatic theory relate to food?
States that leptin (lipophilic peptide) travels into brain to signal fullness of body's fat stores.
How does the glucostatic theory relate to food?
States that absolute levels of glucose in circulation signal adequacy of fuel supplies in brain and organs
Where are high pressure baroreceptors found?
Aortic arch

Carotid artery
Where are low pressure baroreceptors found?
Atria

Kidney
Through what cranial nerves do baroreceptor fibers go through?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

CN X (vagus)
What do baroreceptors detect?
Changes in plasma volume (blood pressure)
Where are oxytocin neurons found?
Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Involved in endocrine, autonomic and emotional aspects of body
What is the considered the highest center for autonomic regulation?
Hypothalamus
Where is the sympathetic center located in the hypothalamus?
Posterior and lateral hypothalamus
Where is the parasympathetic center located in the hypothalamus?
Anterior and preoptic hypothalamus
Neural input involved in food intake communicates fullness or energy availability?
Fullness
What levels of glucose and leptin stimulate the feeding center?
Low glucose and low leptin
What levels of glucose and leptin stimulate the satiety center?
High glucose and high leptin
Where is the satiety center located?
Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

Dorsomedial nucleus
Where are the salt and osmoreceptors located?
Circumventricular organs (organum vasculosum and subfornical organ)
What are the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary?
Vasopressin

Oxytocin
What is the pathway of the osmoreceptors/salt receptors?
OVLT/SFO-->paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
Changes in volume is sensed by what kind of receptors?
Juxtoglomerular apparatus
Where is positive estrogen feedback sent to?
Preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus
Lesions to estrogen feedback areas will lead to what?
Amenorrhea (women)

Decreased testosterone stimulation (men)
Where is negative estrogen feedback sent to?
Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
What pathways are involved in the release of oxytocin?
Spinothalamic and thalamus
What neurotransmitter usually inhibits the release of prolactin?
Dopamine
What are the two key functional centers of the limbic system?
Hippocampus

Amygdala
What are the three parts of the hippocampus?
Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus proper

Subiculum
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Consolidation of memory and learning
What happens when there is bilateral damage to the hippocampus?
Inability to form new memories and inability to learn
The medial part of the amygdala nucleus receives input from what?
Mainly olfactory
What is the function of the amygdala?
It is involved in associating experiences with consequences and programing the appropriate response (emotion and behavior)
Bilateral lesions of amygdala results in what?
Profound loss of fear
What is the accumbens and septal nuclei involved in?
Pleasure and reward mechanisms
How long after oxygen loss is there risk of permanent neuronal damage?
4 minutes
What nucleus is involved in circadian rhythm.
Suprachiasmatic