Hypothalamus

Front 1

in general the hypothalamus has what types of functions?

Back 1

limbic, autonomic/endocrine (involves motor response), and homeostatic

Front 2

what arteries supply blood to the hypothal?

Back 2

anteromedial and posteromedial central arteries.

Front 3

what divides the hypothal into medial and lateral zones?

Back 3

the fornix

Front 4

what are the three regions of the hypothal medial zone and their associated nuclei?

Back 4

supraoptic (anterior) region: supraoptic nu, paraventricular nu, anterior nu, and suprachiasmatic nu. Tuberal (infundibular) region: dorsomedial nu, ventromedial, and arcuate. Mammillary (posterior) region: mammillary and posterior. the periventricular nu (surrounds the 3rd ventrical) is also part of the medial zone

Front 5

function of supraoptic nu?

Back 5

regulates vasopressin (ADH)thus salt/water balance and oxytocin thus smooth muscle contraction

Front 6

function of the paraventricular nu?

Back 6

CRH, vassopressin and oxytocin thus salt/water balance and stress response (HPA axis)

Front 7

function of anterior nu?

Back 7

thermoreceptors, body heat dissipation, parasympathetic responses

Front 8

function of suprachiasmatic nu?

Back 8

regulates circadian rhthyms, projects to the dorsomedial nu and intermediolateral nu

Front 9

function of dosromedial nu?

Back 9

sham rage, receives projections from SCN, integrative center for circadian rhythms

Front 10

function of ventromedial nu?

Back 10

glucoreceptors, satiety center-inhibition of hunger and feeding center

Front 11

function of arcuate nu?

Back 11

prolactin releasing factor, dopamine and other releasing factors. NPY/AgRP-&aMSH/CART containing neurons project to the PVN and play a role in appetite and energy balance.

Front 12

function of mammillary body?

Back 12

histamine neurons, receives axons terminals of fornix to form part of papez circuit and projects to ant thalamic nu. these nu degenerate in korsakoff's syndrome due to thiamine deficiency producing anterograde amnesia

Front 13

function of posterior nu?

Back 13

heat production and conservation, sympathetic responses

Front 14

function of lateral zone?

Back 14

melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin neurons, tonically active hunger/feeding center, and plays a role in wakefulness

Front 15

what plays a role in narcolepsy?

Back 15

orexin deficiency or orexin receptor gene mutation

Front 16

what intrinsic receptors are located in the hypothal?

Back 16

thermoreceptors (preoptic area and anterior nu), glucoreceptors (VM and lateral) and osmoreceptors (posterior and OVLT)

Front 17

what types of afferents go to the hypothal?

Back 17

GSA(temp receptors and reotogenic zones), GVA, and SVA (taste)

Front 18

what is the path of retinal input to the hypothal and what is its function?

Back 18

function is for circadian rhythm. retina to the SCN to the PVN to the intermediolateral nu to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the pineal gland (secretes melatonin and regulates secretion of gonadotropins and reproduction in lotsa verts). Projections also go from the SCN to the DM nu (integrative center for lotsa stuff including circadian rhythms).

Front 19

what effect does the ventral lateral preoptic area have on the hypothal?

Back 19

gives GABAergic neurons to the hypothal thus inhibiting histaminergic neurons. Also inhibits NE and serotonic neurons in the brainstem, playing a role i n induction of slow-wave sleep.

Front 20

what structures mediate cerebral cortical and limbic system influence on the hypothal via papez circuit and other connections?

Back 20

DM thalamic nu (mediates influence of prefrontal cortex), medial forebrain bundle (mediates orbital frontal cortex and the septal nu), fornix (mediates influence from hippocampal complex), stria medularis and ventral amygdalofugal bundle (mediates influence of the amygdala for effects of fear, anxiety and aggression).

Front 21

the hyppothalamohypopophyseal tract is mainly involved with what?

Back 21

releasing vasopressin (ADH) to the neurohypophysis in response to the angiotensin renin system as well as oxytocin release to the neurohypophysis for contraction of breast duct and uterine wall smooth muscle.

Front 22

what is the role of the hypophyseal portal system?

Back 22

polypeptide releasing or inhibiting factors enter the system in the median eminence and are carried to the adenohypohysis where they regulate the release of FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, and growth hormone.

Front 23

what are the nuclei involved in the hypophyseal portal system?

Back 23

medial preoptic area, PVN, arcuate and periventricular

Front 24

the size of pituitary adenomas may cause structural damage causing what symptoms?

Back 24

bitemporal hemianopsia, other visual defects, headache

Front 25

what are the functional effects of pituitary adenomas from most common to rare?

Back 25

prolactin secreting, growth hormone secreting, ACTH secreting, TSH secreting (rare), FSH/LH secreting (rare)

Front 26

what pathways does the hypothalamus utilize to influence behavior?

Back 26

mammillothalamic tract and thalamic projections to the cingulate and prefrontal cortex. via the medial forebrain bundle to the orbital frontal cortex and the septal area, and via connections with the amygdala

Front 27

what tracts does the hypothalamus use to provide efferents to the brainstem RF?

Back 27

the medial forebrain bundle, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, mammillotegmental fasciculus.

Front 28

what are the effects of the anterior hypothalamus on the autonomic nervous system? posterior hypothal?

Back 28

anterior is a parasympathetic response while posterior is a sympathetic response.