Hypothalamus

Front 1

What are the 3 zones of the hypothalamus (medial to lateral)?

Back 1

1. Periventricular zone

2. Medial zone

3. Lateral zone

Front 2

What are the four regions of the hypothalamus: anterior to posterior

Back 2

1. preoptic

2. supraoptic (anterior)

3. tuberal

4. mammillary

Front 3

What is the primary function of neurons in the periventricular zone?

Back 3

Most neurons responsible for regulating hormone secretion reside in the periventricular zone = "motor neurons of the neuroendocrine system."

Front 4

What is the primary function of nuclei in the medial zone?

Back 4

Large nuclei of the medial zone are primarily responsible for regulating motivated behaviors.

Front 5

Where are medial zone nucleii connected?

Back 5

1. Connect extensively to limbic and brainstem regions.

2. Also connect with each other and project to periventricular zone nuclei.

Front 6

What is the primary function of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus?

Back 6

An undifferentiated region that is involved in mediating arousal and sensory sensitization associated with motivated behavior.

It may also modulate spinal pathways.

Front 7

What transverses through the lateral zone?

Back 7

Medial forebrain bundle.

Front 8

Full name for AVPV

Back 8

Anteroventral periventricular nucleii

Front 9

Full name for MPN/ SDN-POA

Back 9

Medial Preoptic nucleii

Front 10

Full name for MnPO

Back 10

Median Preoptic nucleii

Front 11

Full name for SCN?

Back 11

Suprachiasmatic nucleii (SCN)

Front 12

Full name for SON

Back 12

Supraoptic nucleus

Front 13

Full name for PVN

Back 13

Paraventricular nucleus

Front 14

Full name for DMN

Back 14

Dorsomedial nucleus

Front 15

Full name for VMN

Back 15

Ventromedial nucleus

Front 16

Full name for Arc.

Back 16

Arcuate nucleus

Front 17

Full name for LHA

Back 17

Lateral hypothalamic area

Front 18

What are four other types of sensory input to the hypothalamus?

Back 18

1. thermoreceptors

2. barroreceptors

3. Osmoreceptors

4. Steroid hormone receptors

Front 19

What is the largest single input to the hypothalamus?

Back 19

fornix

Front 20

The fornix is comprised of neurons from where?

Back 20

neurons in the subiculum and hippocampus.

Front 21

What is the primary source of the precommissural afferents to the hypothalimus?

Back 21

These are largely hippocampal.

Front 22

The precommissural afferents pass to what area(s) of the hypothalimus?

Back 22

Septum, preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus.

Front 23

To what area in the hypothalamus due the postcommissural afferents pass?

Back 23

mammillary nucleus

lateral hypothalamus

Front 24

What is the name of the diffuse bnad of fibers that courses through the lateral hypothalamic zone?

Back 24

Medial forebrain bundle

Front 25

What is contained within the medial forebrain bundle?

Back 25

ascending and descending fibers that connect the septum, hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum.

Front 26

What are the two amygdalo-hypothalamic fibers?

Back 26

strai terminalis

ventral amygdalofugal

Front 27

What is the path for the stria terminalis?

Back 27

orginates from the corticomedial portion of the amygdala and terminates in the septal nuclei, preoptic area and medial hypothalamic zone. It takes a path similar to that of the fornix.

Front 28

Describe the origin and destination of the ventral amygdalofugal pathway

Back 28

originates from the basolateral amygdala and passes to the lateral hypothalamic area and septal and preoptic nuclei.

Front 29

describe the path(s) associated with the retinohypothalamic fibers

Back 29

direct projection from retina to SCN or as collaterals of the retinogeniculate fibers

Front 30

What are the major assending (to forebrain) efferents of the hypothalamus?

Back 30

Mammillothalamic

Hypothalamo-thalamic

hypothalamo-amygdaloid

Front 31

Describe the pathway for the mammillothalamic efferent

Back 31

medial mammillary nuclei to anterior nucleus of the thalamus (part of Papez circuit)

Front 32

Describe the pathway of the hypothalamo-thalamic

Back 32

from lateral preoptic area to dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

Front 33

Describe the pathway of the hypothalamo-amygdaloid efferent

Back 33

reciprocal connections of amygdalohypothalamic fibers...To dorsomedial amydgala.

Front 34

To what general areas do the major descending hypothalamus efferents go?

Back 34

brainstem and spinal cord

Front 35

Do what general areas do the ascending efferents of the hypothalamus go?

Back 35

forebrain structures.

Front 36

What are the four major desecnding efferents of the hypothalamus?

Back 36

1. hypothalamo-spinal

2. hypothalamo-medullary

3. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

4. mammillotegmental

Front 37

Describe the pathway of the hypothalamo-spinal efferents?

Back 37

primarily from paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (some fibers from the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamus). Terminate on neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (visceral efferents)

Front 38

Describe the pathway for the hypothalamo-medullary efferents.

Back 38

originate from PVN, DMN and LH. Termiante in solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and other nuclei of ventrolateral medulla (parasympathetic)

Front 39

Describe the pathway of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus efferents.

Back 39

from meidal hypothalamic zones to PAG, reticular formation and dorsal vagal nucleus (preganglionic sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic)

Front 40

Describe the pathway of the mammillotegmental efferents

Back 40

arises from medial mammillary nucleus. To dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei in PAG, reticular formation, relay to autonomic nuclei in brainstem and spinal cord.

Front 41

What are the two primary neuroendocrine connections to the pituitary gland?

Back 41

1. tuberoinfundibular connections at median eminence.

2. hypothalamo-hypophysial connections (magnocellular neurons of the PVN and SON).

Front 42

Describe the pathway and function of the tuberoinfundibular connections.

Back 42

These terminals secrete releasing or inhibiting factors into the hypphyseal portal vasculature which travel to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion.

Front 43

Describe the pathway and function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial connections

Back 43

Axons travel directly to the posterior pituitary gland and release their hormone to the general circulation.

Front 44

What are the three parts of the pituitary gland?

Back 44

1. Anterior pituitary gland

2. Posterior pituitary gland

3. Intermediate lobe

Front 45

Where does the anterior pituitary gland develop an outpocket and what is the name of this pocket?

Back 45

in the roof of the oral cavity known as Rathke's pouch.

Front 46

What are the cell types of the anterior pituitary (adenhypophysis) adn pituitary hormones?

Back 46

1. gonadotropes: Luterinizing Hormone/Follicle Stimulating Hormone (LH/FSH)

2. lactotropes: PRoLactin (PRL)

3. thyrotopes: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

4. corticotropes: AdrenoCorticoTrophic Hormone (ACTH)

5. somatotropes: Growth Hormone (GH)

Front 47

What are the hormes of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)?

Back 47

Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OX)

Front 48

What is the hormone os the intermediate lobe?

Back 48

melanotropes: Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Front 49

Name the 9 hormones released by the hypothalamus

Back 49

1. gondadotropin releasing hormone (GmRH; LHRH)

2. Cortico RH (CRH)

3. throtropin RH (TRH): pGlu-His-Pro3-NH2

4. Growth releasing hormone (GHRH)

5. Somatostatin

6. Tuberoinfundibular Dopamine (TDA)

7. Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)

8. Oxytocin

Front 50

Name the primary cell body locations and terminal locations for the GnRH and LHRH

Back 50

cell bodies: n. diagonal Band of Broca, OVLT, MPN

terminals: median eminence

Front 51

Name the location of the main CRH cell bodies and terminals

Back 51

cell bodies: PVN

terminals: median eminence

Front 52

Name the main location of TRH cell bodies and terminals

Back 52

cell bodies: Periventricular area, PVN

terminals: median eminence

Front 53

Name the primary cell body and terminal locations for the GHRH

Back 53

cell bodies: arcuate n.

terminals: median eminence

Front 54

Name the main cell body and terminal locations for AVP

Back 54

cell bodies: SON, PVN

terminals: neurohypophysis, median eminence

Front 55

Name the primary location of the cell bodies for oxytocin

Back 55

PVN, SON

Front 56

What are the 6 required characteristics of a hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormone?

Back 56

1. Activity must be extractable from the while hypothalamus or median eminence.

2. Concentration in portal blood must be greater than in the systemic circulation.

3. Dyanmics of secretion in portal blood must correlate with the dynamics of adenohypophsial hormone secretion.

4. Extracted material must be active in vivo and in vitro

5. Inhibitors of neurohormone must affect physiological endpoints

6. Target cells should have specific receptors for neurohormones.