Hypothalamus 1

Front 1

what is the rostral boundary of the hypothalamus?

Back 1

lamina terminalis

Front 2

what is the dorsal boundary of the hypothalamus?

Back 2

hypothalamic sulcus

Front 3

what is the medial boundary of the hypothalamus?

Back 3

3rd ventricle

Front 4

Name the Red line and the Green line

Back 4

Red line = hypothalamic sulcus
Green line= Lamina terminalis

Front 5

what does the lumen of the neural tube become in regards to the hypothalamus?

Back 5

the 3rd ventricle

Front 6

what does the notch at the boundary between the lumen of the neural tube and the wall become?

Back 6

hypothalamic sulcus

Front 7

what is the lateral boundary of the hypothalamus? (rostrally and caudally)

Back 7

substantia innominata-rostrally and the posterior limbs of the internal capsules caudally.

Front 8

Name the pink line and the purple line.

Back 8

pink= substantia innominata
purple= posterior limbs of the internal capsules

Front 9

what are the ventral boundaries of the hypothalamus? (3)

Back 9

infundibular stalk, brain surface, and the line btwn mammillary bodies and posterior commissure.

Front 10

Name all of the colored lines and circle.

Back 10

Green circle: 3rd ventricle
dark green line: infundibular stalk and brain surface
red line: lamina terminalis
purple line: line between mammillary bodies and posterior commissure
pink line: hypothalamic sulcus

Front 11

what are the 3 ventral landmarks?

Back 11

infundibulum, tuber cinerium and mammillary bodies.

Front 12

what 3 zones/ nuclei are located rostral of optic chiasm in the preoptic level?

Back 12

periventricular zone, medial preoptic nucleus and lateral preoptic nucleus.

Front 13

what is the function of the periventricular zone?

Back 13

neuroendocrine

Front 14

what is the function of the medial preoptic neurons? what hormone pituitary hormone is controlled by these neurons? what factor do they release?

Back 14

temperature detection; it regulates set point. LH and FSH and their factor is GnRH.

Front 15

what six nuclei/ zones/ structures are located over the optic chiasm in the supraoptic level?

Back 15

periventricular zone, anterior nucleus, supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic nucleus and lateral hypothalamus.

Front 16

what two hormones are controlled by the supraoptic nucleus?

Back 16

oxytocin and ADH

Front 17

what hormone does the periventricular zone control? what factor is associated with this hormone?

Back 17

TSH; somatostatin

Front 18

what hormones does the paraventricular zone control? what factor is associated with these hormones?

Back 18

ACTH, TSH, prolactin---> CRH, TRH, and PRF (respectively)

Front 19

what is the function of the suprachiasmatic? what will happen to this if affected by a lesion?

Back 19

fxn: controls circadian rhythms... lesion- disruption in diurnal cycles.

Front 20

what is the function of the lateral hypothalamus? what will happen is a lesion affects the lateral hypothalamus?

Back 20

fxn: feeding and wakefulness
lesion: anorexia and narcolepsy

Front 21

at the tuberal level, what is found posterior to optic chiasm?

Back 21

periventricular zone, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus.

Front 22

what is the function of the arcuate nucleus? what are the 2 populations of cells that is contains?

Back 22

fxn: feeding
cells: 1) orexigenic (stimulate feeding) and 2) arexigenic (inhibit feeding)

Front 23

what is excitatory to anorexigenic cell?

Back 23

Leptin

Front 24

what is excitatory to an orexigenic cell?

Back 24

Ghrelin

Front 25

what is the function of the ventromedial nucleus? what would happen if a lesion affected this area?

Back 25

fxn: feeding (satiety center)
lesion: hyperphagia, obesity

Front 26

what is the function of dorsomedial nucleus? what would a lesion of this area cause?

Back 26

hyperphagia, obesity

Front 27

what is located at the mammillary level which is over the mammillary bodies?

Back 27

periventricular zone, mammillary body, posterior nucleus, lateral hypothalamus- tuberomammillary nucleus

Front 28

what is the function of the posterior nucleus? what would happen if a lesion affected this area?

Back 28

fxn:increased sympathetic output and increased in thermogenesis
lesion: horner's syndrome and poikilothermia (respectively)

Front 29

what is the function of the mammillary body? what would happen if a lesion affected this area?

Back 29

fxn: memory consolidation
lesion: anterograde amnesia

Front 30

what is the function of the tuberomammillary? what would happen if a lesion affected this area?

Back 30

fxn: wakefulness
lesion: hypersomnia

Front 31

what is the blood supply for the hypothalamus? (anterior, tuberal, and posterior

Back 31

anterior: anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries
tuberal: posterior communicating artery
posterior: posterior communicating and posterior cerebral artery and basilar artery.

Front 32

which hypophysial division is neural in origin and is a circumventricular organ?

Back 32

posterior pituitary

Front 33

what is the pituitary portal system blood flow order?

Back 33

superior and inferior hypophysial artery --> primary capillary plexus --> hypophsial portal veins --> secondary capillary plexus --> veins to cavernous sinus

Front 34

what is the largest input to hypothalamus?

Back 34

fornix

Front 35

what is the source of the fornix?

Back 35

subiculum and hippocampus

Front 36

where does the hippocampus input go to? what is its function?

Back 36

input is to preoptic and supraoptic area.
fxn: Memory associated modulation of sympathetic activity.

Front 37

where does the subiculum input go to? what is its function?

Back 37

input: mammillary bodies
fxn: memory consolidation circuitry

Front 38

what are the two pathways of the amigdalohypothalamic pathway?

Back 38

1) stria terminalis and 2) ventral amygdalofugal pathway

Front 39

what is the function of the amigdalohypothalamic pathway?

Back 39

binds autonomic aspects of emotional components to experiences.

Front 40

what is the major pathway for ascending and descending fibers? what is the function?

Back 40

medial forebrain bundle; fxn: diverse information conveyed.

Front 41

T/F
the medial forebrain bundle contains both afferents and efferents.

Back 41

true

Front 42

what is the hypothalamic afferent tract?

Back 42

amigdalohypothalamic pathway

Front 43

what is the function of the mammillothalamic tract?

Back 43

memory consolidation

Front 44

what is the direct course of the hypothalamospinal tract?

Back 44

fibers from hypothalamic nuclei connect with preganglionic cells --> medial forebrain bundle (lat zone of hypothalamus) --> periaqueductal gray matter --> dorsal tegmentum --> AL medulla --> lateral funiculus of spinal cord

Front 45

where does the hypothalamospinal tract synapse for parasympathetic nuceli? sympathetic?

Back 45

para- intermediate zone of sacral spinal cord
symp- IMCC of thoracolumbar spinal cord

Front 46

what is the direct course of the hypothalamomedullary tract?

Back 46

fibers from hypothalamic nuclei--> preganglionic cells in brainstem --> medial forebrain bundle --> lateral zone of hypothalamus --> periaqueductal gray matter --> reticular formation

Front 47

does the hypothalamomedullary tract synapse on parasympathetics or sympathetics? where are they located?

Back 47

parasympathetics in the brainstem.

Front 48

what is the function of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and mamilotegmental tract?

Back 48

regulate pain sensitivity under stress.

Front 49

what is the function of the anterior nucleus? if there was a lesion in this vicinity, what would it cause?

Back 49

fxn: increased parasympathetic and decreased thermogenesis
lesion: deficits in parasympathetic fxn and hyperthermia

Front 50

which hormone, secreted by adipocytes is a long term signal of fat level? short term?

Back 50

long- leptin
short- ghrelin

Front 51

if temperature is below set point, tell me what happens?

Back 51

the medial preoptic activates posterior hypothalamic nucleus that activates sympathetic preganlionic cells to induce shivering and vasoconstriction

Front 52

if temperature is above set point, what happens then?

Back 52

medial preoptic activates anterior nucleus that activates parasympathetic preganglionic cells to induce sweating and vasodilation.

Front 53

what usually occurs upon stimulation in the caudolateral portion of the thalamus? what would a lesion produce?

Back 53

sympathetic tone= energy expansion (eg aggressive behavior, hunger, increased body temp)
lesion- increased parasympathetic tone

Front 54

what usually occurs upon stimulation of the rostromedial portion of the hypothalamus? what affect does a lesion have?

Back 54

favors a parasympathetic tone= energy conservation (eg passive behavior, satiety, decreased body temp
lesion- increased sympathetic tone.

Front 55

what two tracts regulate the endocrine fxns?

Back 55

supraoptichypophysial tract and tuberoinfundibular

Front 56

what are the projections from in the supraopticohypophysial tract? what is released?

Back 56

paraventricular and supraoptic; oxytocin and ADH are released.

Front 57

T/F
The Peptides released due to the supraopticohypophysial tract are stored in herring bodies.

Back 57

FALSE:
since the posterior lobe has no BBB, then they are released direction into circulation. NO storage.

Front 58

what are the two potential causes of diabetes insipidus? how do they differ?

Back 58

nephrogenic (insensitivity to ADH) and neurogenic (deficiency in ADH production)

Front 59

To distinguish between the two form of diabetes insipidus, patients are challenged with an injection of desmopressin, an ADH analog. If the cause is neurogenic, you would expect plasma osmolarity to _______ following the injection. In contrast, if its nephrogenic plasma osmolarity will ___________.

Back 59

decrease; stay the same

Front 60

what four nuclei/zones project to the median eminence and infundibulum in the tuberinfudibular tract?

Back 60

arcuate nucleus, periventricular zone, supraventricular and medial preoptic

Front 61

where are the hormones released into via the tuberoinfudibular tract? where are they transported to?

Back 61

enter primary plexus of portal system; secondary plexus where they induce troph cells to release hormone (or inhibition of release)

Front 62

what accounts for 5% of intracranial adenomas?

Back 62

pituitary adenomas

Front 63

what are the two symptoms associated with both silent and nonsilent symptoms?

Back 63

headache and bitemporal hemianopia

Front 64

what are the top 3 excess hormones released by a nonsilent pituitary adenoma?

Back 64

prolactin, GH, and ACTH.