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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many Americans have hypertension?
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50 Million plus.
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What did the Framington study come up with?
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90% of those over 55 will have hypertension.
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How does hypertension cause damage?
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The force of blood pressure damages arteries.
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What are the major risk factors of hypertension?
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CVA, CAD, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease.
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When do hypertensive patients usually become symptomatic?
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Acute cardiovascular event takes place.
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What is the best defense of hypertension?
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Screening
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What is the accepted BP?
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119/79
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What is considered to be a high BP?
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140/90
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What is considered prehypertensive?
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120-139/80-89
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Formula for BP?
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CO x TPR
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What 4 things determine BP?
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Heart
Kidneys Hormones Vasotone |
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Which autonomic nervous system controls the fight or flight?
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Sympathetic
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What does the sympathetic NS stimulate?
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HR increases
BP increases Bronchial dilation Constricts vessels Pupils dilate Goose bumps Sweat Increased contraction |
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What stimulates a sympathetic response?
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Catecholamines from adrenal glands. ie. epinephrine norepinephrine.
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What reverses a sympathetic responsee?
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parasympathetic system
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What does the parasympathetic system do?
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Decreases heart rate
Conserves energy Reduces contractility |
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What does the kidney do in response to high BP?
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Increases urine and sodium output.
This lowers the blood volume, resulting in lower BP. |
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Where are the baroreceptors?
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Aortic arch
Carotid sinuses |
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An increased Bp results in an increase in _________ of baroreceptors.
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Stretch
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What is inhibited when baroreceptors stretch?
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Sympathetic response in inhibited.
Parasympathetic is excited. |
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Do baroreceptors prevent chronic hypertension?
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No. They adjust to rising BP after just a few days.
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What percentage have essential hypertension?
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95%
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What percentage have secondary hypertension
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5%
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In which type of hypertension is the cause unknown?
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Essential
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What BP regulation defects are found in people with EH?
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Overactive sympathetic system
Increased peripheral vascular resistance. Abnormal kidney regulation Diabetes |
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Where is a common defect in EH patients?
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Regulation of BP.
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Which type of hypertension has a definable cause?
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Secondary.
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Which hypertension is curable?
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Secondary.
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At what age does hypertension develop?
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under 20, over 50
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What kind of onset does secondary HTN have?
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Abrupt
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Severe secondary BP?
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200/110
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Secondary hypertension sign?
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Bruit
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A bruit is a sign of what?
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secondary hypertension
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How does renal parenchymal disease lead to hypertension?
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Damaged nephrons prevent adequate excretion of water and sodium.
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How does renal hypertension work? (RH)
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Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the kidney, which causes a low BP response. Renin is released, which produced angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone from the adrenal gland that results in sodium and water retention.
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Why is aldosterone bad?
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It causes water and sodium retention.
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What are 2 causes of reduced flow to the kidney?
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Atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysphasia.
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Abdominal bruit is found in 40 to 60% of what?
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RH
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How is RH treated?
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Balloon angioplasty, stent, surgical reconstruction.
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In aortic coarctation, what 2 mechanisms cause secondary hypertension?
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Decreased renal flow.
Stiffened aortic arch blunts baroreceptor response. |
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What is pheochromocytoma?
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A tumor in the adrenal gland
Sporatically releases epinephrine, norepinephrine, causing constriction. |
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Symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
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Increased BP
tachycardia sweating headaches. |
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What does the adrenal cortex produce that can cause hypertension?
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aldosterone
cortisol |
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An adrenal adenoma excretes what?
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Aldosterone and renin
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Why does Cushing's syndrome cause hypertension?
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It results in cortisol excess
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What thyroid issues cause hypertension?
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hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism |
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What are the features of Cushing's syndrome?
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Round face
Central obesity Proximal muscle weakness Hirsutism |
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What are 3 common symptoms of hypertension?
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Flushing
Sweating Blurred vision. |
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Why is there organ damage from hypertension?
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Increased workload of the heart.
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Hypertension results in what kidney disease?
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Nephrosclerosis
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CVA is linked to high ______ pressure?
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Systolic.
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What are the 2 types of CVA?
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Thromboembolic
Hemorrhagic |
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What causes an acute hypertensive crisis?
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Hypertensive encephalopathy
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Hypertensive encephalopathy is most often due to what?
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Acute renal disease.
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Symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy?
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Headaches
Blurred vision drowsiness coma |
