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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the impacts of deforestation?
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1. Rates of interception decrease
2. ET rates lower 3. Storage Decreases (forests store water) 4. Increased runoff 5. Increased soil erosion ...influence climate change |
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Runoff as function of tree type. Differences due to...
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Interception, transpiration, rooting depths
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What are the impacts of climate change?
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1. Precipitation changes
2. Change in stream habits (earlier spring runoff, larger flood peaks) 3. Sea level rise 4. Storm intensity 5. Snow melts sooner, losing glaciers 6. More ET...drought, wildfires 7. Change in precipitation type (more rain, less snow) 8. Increased reliance on groundwater 9. Water in streams and lakes become warmer Will alter distribution, volume, timing, and type of precip. |
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Role of climate change for Southwest?
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1. Less snowpack
2. warmer temperatures 3. Earlier runoff peaks and less runoff: 10-30% by 2050 |
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Colorado River Compact of 1922
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divided the river’s water equally between the Upper and Lower Basins, allocating to each
annually 7.5 million acre-feet, also known by its acronym maf. This was based on an anomalously wet year. California, Nevada, Arizona. |
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Possible solutions to the US Southwest crisis:
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1. Desalinization
2. Interbasin water transfer 3. More dams 4. Artificial recharge 5. Phase out agriculture 6. Water markets 7. Conservation 8. Improve efficiency 9. Reduce population |
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Aral Sea
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In Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Fed by the Syr Darya and the Amu Dar'ya (terminal lake).
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Impacts of Aral Sea Disaster
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Gov't diverted water to the Karakum desert to grow cotton.
1. Lake levels drastically dropped 2. Decrease in water quality (toxins, salinity, pesticide) 3. Major health issues ensued 4. Collapse of the fishing industry 5. Constant water budget deficit 6. Changed the microclimate of the area 7. Increased access to Resurrection Island (bio weapons) |
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Urban Stream Syndrome
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Symptoms: flashier hydrograph, elevated concentrations of nutrients and contaminants, altered channel morphology, and reduced biotic richness, with increased dominance of tolerant species
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Impacts of Urban streams?
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1. Increased sediment loadings
2. Loss of habitat 3. Changes in stream shape |
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Four C's of Stormwater Management
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1. Control (permeable pavement)
2. Collection (Detention retention ponds) 3. Conveyance (rain garden) 4. Cleansing (constructed wetland) |
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How is a wetland defined?
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Hydrology, soils, vegetation
Role: water quality, flood control, biodiversity |
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Benefits of dams:
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1. Stable water supply (irrigation, etc.)
2. Hydropower 3. Flood control 4. Transportation 5. Recreation |
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Cons of Dams:
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1. Loss of river habitat
2. Changes in downstream morphology 3. Changes in flow 4. Changes in downstream water quality 5. Reduction of biodiversity 6. Climate change 7. Reservoir induced seismicity 8. Relocation 9. Disease 10. Decommissioning Dams |
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Falkenmark Index
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Based on per capita per year. Allows for no regional variability within countries
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Water Resources Vulnerability Index
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Based on withdrawal to availability ratio (criticality ratio)
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