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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blowing murmur
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blood flowing wrong way across valve
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harsh murmur
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blood hitting tissue such as a stenotic valve
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aortic murmur
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best heard at 2nd right intercostal space
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Mitral Murmurs
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best heard at apex of the heart and often refer to left axilla.
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aortic stenosis
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harsh systolic murmur due to age or congenital bicuspid valve
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aortic regurgitation
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blowing diastolic murmur due to leutic anyerism, chronic HTN, dissecting aortic aneurysm, ankylosing spondylitits
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Mitral Stenosis
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harsh diastolic murmur due to Rheumatic heart disease
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Mitral Regurgitaiton
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blowing systolic due to advanced mitral prolapse, rheumatic heart dz, damage from infection endocarditis, papillary muscle rupture secondary to MI or CHF
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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midsystolic click
common in Marfans, Ehlors Danlos, and Fragile X (CGG), flat back females |
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Acyanotic congenital heart defects
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1-VDS
2-ASD 3-PDA |
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Cyanotic congenital heart defects
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1-Tet of Fallot
2-Transposition of great vessels 3-Persistant truncus arteriosis 4-Eisenmenger's Syndrome |
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Obstructive congenital heart defects
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coarctation of aorta
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VSD
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acyanotic-hole in the vent
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ASD
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acyanotic-atrial septal defect
2 types: ostium primum-defect next to AV valve ostium secundum-90% of ASD's-defect is comprised of a fenestrated ovale fossa |
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PDA
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patent blood vessel that connect from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
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Tetraology of Fallot
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Cyanotic
"PROV" pulmonic stenosis Right vent hypertrophy Overriding aorta VSD |
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Transposition of Great Vessels
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aorta connects to right vent and pulmonary connects to left vent
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Persistant Truncus Arteriosis
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great vessels aren't separated
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Eisenmenger's Syndrome
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reversal of a L-R shunt (such as VSD) to a R-L shunt, secondary to the developement of pulmonart HTN
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coarctation of aorta
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circumferential narrowing of blood vessel
infant-preductal adult-postductal |
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Stable angina
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decreased cardiac profusion with increased demand
"exercise induced" due to persistant but unchanged atherosclerotic plaque |
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Unstable Angina
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disruption of plaque followed by formation of superimposing thrombosis with potential embolism
pain is spontaneous |
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Prinzmetal's Angina
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coronary artery spasm
pain is spontaneous |
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MI
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disruption of plaque followed by formation of superimposing thrombosis with potential embolism that persists long enough to casue INFARCTION (death) of cardiac cells
chest pain sponstanous |
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2 types of MI
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1-subendocardial-NSTEMI-inner 1/2-1/3 of wall infarcted, non Q wave
2-transmural-STEMI-Q wave- whole wall infarcted |
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left sided heart failure
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Chronic HTN, MI, Valve pathology
results:pulmonary edema fluid overload signs: dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue |
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Right sided heart failure
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Left sided heart failure, Pul HTN, Lung pathology
results: peripheral edema & nutmeg liver Signs: ankle edema, jugular venous distention |
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Infective endocarditis
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1-Acute
2-Subacute |
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Acute Infective Endocarditis
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NO prior valve path
casued by 1-Staph aureus 2-Steptococcus spp. acute onset fever and chills high death rate IV drug users and Diabetics |
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Subacute Infective Endocarditis
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PRIOR valve path
casues by: mouth of GI organisms 1-Strep viridans-mouth 2-E. Coli-bowel |
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Non infective endocarditis
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1-Acute Rheumatic Fever
2-Marantic 3-Libman Sacks |
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Acute Rheumatic Fever
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antibody attack on heart following Strep Pyogenese
pancarditis SEVERE mitral valve damage = rheumatic heart dz |
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Marantic Endocarditis
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thrombi dev in endocardium
high risk in those with severe or chronic illness, esp adenocarcinoma (colon cancer, lung) |
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Libman Sacks Endocarditis
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SLE pts ONLY
HUGE vegetations comprised of antigen antibody complexed form on valve=severe valve damage |
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Fibrinous Pericarditis
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#1 type in the world
due to 1-transmural MI 2-Dresslers Syndrome |
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Serous Pericarditis
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#1 type in US
Due to 1-coxsackie B 2-uermia 3-acute rheumatic fever 4-scleroderma 5-rheumatic heart dz 6- SLE |
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Suppurtive Pericarditis
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direct invasion by organism into the pericardium
ususuall- strep pneumo or Staph Aureus |
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Acute Rheumatic Fever
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Type II hypersensitivity with molecular mimicry. Long term tissue damanged sustained from immune attack
3-4 weeks following Strep Pyogenese infection histologically characterized by Aschoff Body |
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Obstructive Lung Dz
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increased restriction to airflow during forced experation; air is obstructed from having a good exit
FEV-low TLC-high FEV/FVC-low management: 1-beta agonist(albuterol) 2-anticholinergics (ipratropium) 3-oxygen 2 classes: 1-COPD 2-Asthma |
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COPD 3 types
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1-Pulmonary emphysema
2-Chronic Bronchitis 3-Bronchiectasis |
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Pulmonary emphysema-"pink puffers"
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enlargment of the airspaces distal to the terminal non respiratory bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls
2 types- 1-panacinar-scattered through out lobule-alpha a-1 antitrypsin def 2-centrilobular-cener of the lobule-smokers decreased lung sounds on auscultation |
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Chronic bronchitits-"blue bloaters"q
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prolonged exposure to bronchial irritants with mucus hypersecretions and bronchial structural change
symptoms must be at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years ronchi on auscultation |
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Bronchiectasis
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irreverisble, focal broncial dilation, usually accompanied by infection
acquired usually 1-Kartanger Syndrome 2-Cystic Fibrosis |
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Asthma
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IgE mediated airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and increased airway responsiveness to stiumuli occur
4 types 1-intrinsic-URI or stress 2-extrinsic-#1 form, type I hypersentivity IgE 3-exercise induced 4-Drug induced-sulfas, beta blockers, NSAIDS |
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Restrictive Lung Dz
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lung is restricted from taking in adequate amount of air; lung is small an don adequately expandable
FEV-ok or low TLC-low FEV/FVC - normal or low |
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Sarcoidosis
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Restrictive lung dz
unknown cause non-caseaing granulomas replaced by fibrous scar dyspnea, cough, night sweats bilateral hilar adenopathy & maybe Panda sign BLACKS |
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Adult ARDS
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diffuse injurt to endothelium of lung (sepsis, chest trauma, aspiration of gastric contents, heroin)
1-pulmonary edema 2-respiratory distress 3-hypoxemia |
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Neonatal ARDS
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insufficient sufactant as a result of immaturity
when lecithin/spingomyelin ration is <2.0 |
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Pneumoconiosis
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habitual inhalation of NON DEGRADABLE irritants such as mineral or metalic particles
1-asbestosis 2-anthracosis 3-berylliosis 4-silicosis |
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Asbestosis
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chronic inhalation of asbestos
characterized: ferringinous bodyies that are dumbbell shape increased risk for : squamous cell cancer or lung and malignancy mesothelioma |
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Anthracosis
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Coal Miners from inhaling Coal dust
results in Black lung dz - upper lung lobes |
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Berylliosis
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inhalation of beryllium form high tech electronics
lower lung lobes |
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Silicosis
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inhalation of quartz form sand blasting or granite cutting
INCREASE RISK FOR TB Upper lobes affected |
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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
-extrinsic allergic alvelolitis |
repeated inhalation of allergens that casue inflammatory response and fibrosis
1-Farmers Lung 2-Bird Fancier 3-Tobacco Workers 4-Bagassosis |
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Farmers Lung
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thermophillic actinomycets from moldy hay
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Bird Fanciers
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inhale bird droppings of feathers
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Tobacco Workers Lung
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inhale mold on tobacco
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Bagassosis
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thermophilic actinomycetes on moldy bagasse
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Goodpasteur's
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severe glomerulonepthritis, pulmonary hemmorage, dyspnea
anti-GBM antibodies |
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Pulmonary hemosiderosis (RARE)
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blood in intersitiial space= signnificant inflammation followed by fibrosis
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Alveolar proteinosis
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alveoli fill with proteinaceous material= chronic inflam and fibrotic dev
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Eosinophilic pneumonia
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eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate
usually idiopathic but can be due to roundworms, drugs, fungi |
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Diffuse idiopathic fibrosis
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honeycomb lung with unknown cause and fatal within several years
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