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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
BZD1 agonists
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zolpidem
zaleplon eszopiclone |
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hypnotic with a bitter aftertaste
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eszopiclone
|
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BDZs used in elderly
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oxazepam
lorazepam |
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BDZs used in liver disease
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oxazepam lorazepam
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BDZs that form active metabolites, which can accumulate with chronic use
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flurazepam
quazepam |
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BDZ with the fastest onset
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triazolam
|
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hypnotics that cause REM rebound
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barbituates
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what is REM rebound
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drugs decrease REM sleep, which leads to an increase in REM when taken off
|
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hypnotic that can be eliminated faster by alkalizing the urine
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phenobarbital
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hypnotics that cause respiratory depression
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barbituates
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hypnotics that cause decreased BP and HR
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barbituates
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barbituate effect on P450
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inducer
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hypnotics that keep the GABA channel open longer
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barbituates
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hypnotics that open the GABA channel more frequently
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BZDs
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barbituates used to help fall asleep
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pentobarb
secobarb |
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barbituates used to help stay asleep
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amobarb
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nonbarbituate used to help fall asleep
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ramelteon
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hypnotic that is easy to have fatal overdose due to little tolerance buildup of fatal effects
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barbituates
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abrupt withdrawal of this hypnotic can be fatal
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barbituates
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nervous
weak insomnia tremors |
early barbituate withdrawal
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nausea and vomiting
delerium fever convulsions |
late barbituate withdrawal
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method of withdrawal of barbituates
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wean off
substitute with phenobarbital |
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used to treat cataplexy
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sodium oxybate (GHB)
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breakdown product of GABA that acts as a neuromodulator
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sodium oxylate (GHB)
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hypnotic with highly offensive odor
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paraldehyde
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OTC hypnotics
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melatonin
antihistamine valerian |
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OTC hypnotic that may help with jet lag
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melatonin
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hypnotic used in children in elderly in whom BZDs and barbituates cause excitation
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chloral hydrate
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BZD with shortest half life
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triazolam
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anxiolytic BZDs that do not form active metabolites
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temazepam
oxazepam lorazepam flurazepam |
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anxiolytics that work as positive allosteric modulators of GABA receptors
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BDZs
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anxiolytics that increase the frequency of GABA channel opening
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BZDs
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anxiolytic that can cause anterograde amnesia at high doses
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BZDs
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anxiolytic that causes sk. muscle relaxation
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BZDs
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anxiolytic that acts as an anticonvulsant
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BZDs
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most common side effect of BZDs
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sedation
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tolerance can develop to what effects of BZDs
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anxiolytic and hypnotic effects
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decreases the effect of BDZs
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smoking and coffee
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increase effectiveness of BZDs
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SSRIs
grapefruit juice |
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BZD receptor antagonist
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flumazenil
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BDZ used in tx of alcohol withdrawal
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diazepam
chlordiazepoxide lorazepam |
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BDZ used as preanesthetic medication
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diazepam
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BDZ used for conscious sedation
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midazolam
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BDZ that is DOC for status epilepticus
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diazepam
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used to tx GAD in pt. with hx of substance abuse
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buspirone
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effects of alcohol on BZDs
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enhance effects
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disadvantage of buspirone compared to BZD
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slow onset (can't use for acute anxiety)
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antidepressants used as anxiolytics
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clomipramine
fluvoxamine |
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types of anxiety that are treated with anti-depressants
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GAD
panic disorder OCD PTSD social phobia |
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class of drugs usually used for acute anxiolysis
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BZD
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class of drugs usually used for chronic tx of anxiety
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SSRIs
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antipsychotics are in general more effective in controlling which group of sx assx with schizophrenia
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positive sx
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typical anti-psychotics
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chlorpromazine
haloperidol flUphenazine thiothixine thioridazine loxapine perphenazine |
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atypical antipsychotics
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olanzapine
quetiapine aripiprazole iloperidone clozapine ziprasidone asenapine risperidone (QUAICZAR) |
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D2 antagonists in the mesolimbic system
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typical antipsychotics
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where do typical antipsychotics block D2 receptors
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mesolimbic system
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atypical antipsychotics block what receptors
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5HT(2a)
D4 |
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better at blocking positive sx
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typical antipsychotics
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better at blocking negative sx
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typical antipsychotics
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effects of antipsychotics in the limbic system
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emotional quieting and indifference
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effects of antipsychotics in the basal ganglia
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EPS
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effects of antipsychotics in the hypothalamus
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hyperprolactinemia
poikiothermia |
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effects of antipsychotics in the medullary CTZ
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anti-emetic
|
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effects of antipsychotics in the ANS
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anti-cholinergic
alpha-block (hypotension) |
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effects of antipsychotics on the heart
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depressant
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early onset EPS sx
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parkinsonianism
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late onset EPS sx
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tardive dyskinesia
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antipsychotics with high risk of EPS
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haloperidol
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antipsychotics used in tourettes syndrome
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haloperidol
pimozide |
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antipsychotic used for major depressive disorder
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aripiprazole
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antipsychotic effect on opioids, barbituates, and ethanol
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enhance
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antipsychotics cannot be taken with which class of anti-depressants
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TCAs
|
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antipsychotic that can cause agranulocytosis
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clozapine
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antipsychotic used in tx resistant patients
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clozapine
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antipsychotic with least chance of EPS
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risperidone
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antipsychotic with the least amount of side effects
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risperidone
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antipsychotic with the most side effects
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chlorpromazine
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antipsychotic with high risk of EPS
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haloperidol
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EPS sx that is more common 1 to 5 days after starting antipsychotic
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acute dystonia
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EPS sx that can occur days to months days after beginning antipsychotic tx
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akathisia
pseudoparkinsonism |
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EPS sx that can occur months to years after starting antipsychotic tx
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perioral tremor
tardive dyskinesia |
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EPS assx with antipsychotics that causes prolonged tonic contractions
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acute dystonia
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muscle rigidity
hyperthermia unstable BP assx with antipsychotics |
NMS
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possible tx of NMS
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dantrolene
bromocriptine |
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tx for most EPS assx with antipsychotics
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anti-muscarinics
|
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predominant biological theory as to the cause of schizophrenia
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too much dopamine
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major side effect of clozapine
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agranulocytosis
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side effects assx with atypical antipsychotics that are not assx with typicals
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diabetes
weight gain |
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more common drug interactions with antipsychotics pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic
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pharmacodynamic
|
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long acting depot antipsychotics
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fluphenazine
haloperidol risperidone |
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biogenic amine hypothesis of depression
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too much NE, DA, 5HT
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neurotropic hypothesis of depression
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decreased BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor)
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SSRIs
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escitalopram
citalopram sertraline fluvoxamine fluoxetine paroxetine |
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SNRIs
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venlafaxine
duloxetine |
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atypical antidepressants
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trazodone
bupropion mirtazapine |
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TCAs
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imipramine
amitriptyline amoxapine |
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anti-depressant that causes 5HT(2a) receptor blockade
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trazodone
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anti-depressant that blocks DA reuptake
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bupropion
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anti-depressant that blocks presynaptic a2 receptors too cause increase in NE and 5HT
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mirtazapine
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MOA of TCAs
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block NE and 5HT reuptake
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MOA of lithium
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affects IP3
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MOA of venlafaxine
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SNRI
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anti-depressant that causes arrhythmias and priaprism
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trazodone
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anti-depressant that can cause seizures
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bupropion
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anti-depressants that cause the most sexual dysfunction
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SSRIs
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anti-depressants that have the most anti-cholinergic effects
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TCAs
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anti-depressants that decrease blood pressure the most
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TCAs
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anti-depressant with the most sedation
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mirtazapine
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anti-depressant with the most weight gain
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mirtazapine
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TCA with the most anti-cholinergic effects
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amitriptyline
|
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MAO-inhibitors
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tranylcypromine
phenelzine |
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anti-depressant with a high risk of hypertensive crisis
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MAO-inhibitors
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causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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lithium
|
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causes hypothyroidism
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lithium
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SE of lithium
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tremor
DI hypothyroidism |
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SSRIs that cause the most anxiety and motor restlessness
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fluoxetine
sertraline |
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anti-depressant used for PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder)
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SSRIs
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anti-depressant used for bulemia
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SSRIs
|
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anti-depressant used for anxiety
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SSRIs
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anti-depressant used to tx enuresis
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imipramine (TCA)
|
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anti-depressants least likely to have anti-cholinergic effects
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SSRIs
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anti-depressants likely to have nausea and diarrhea
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TCAs
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anti-depressants least likely to have agitation and insomnia
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TCAs
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anti-depressants most likely to have CV effects (out of TCAs, SSRIs, and atypicals)
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TCAs
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of the atypical anti-depressants + venlafaxine which is least likely to cause sedation
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bupropion
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of the atypical anti-depressants + venlafaxine which is least likely to cause orthostatic hypotension
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bupropion and venlafaxine
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of the atypical anti-depressants + venlafaxine which is least likely to cause sexual dysfunction
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the atypicals
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of the atypical anti-depressants + venlafaxine which is least likely to cause weight gain
|
bupropion
|
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how are most anti-depressants eliminated from the body
|
metabolism
|
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anti-depressants that have the most pharmacokinetic drug interactions
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SSRIs
|
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if cheese is eaten with MAOs what can happen
|
hypertensive crisis
|
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st. johns wort effect on P450
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induces it (increases metabolism of drugs)
|
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how do Na levels affect lithium toxicity
|
hyponatremia can increase lithium levels
|
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SSRI that must be stopped 1 month before MAO tx
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fluoxetine (long half life)
|
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why does fluoxetine need to be stopped 1 month before starting MAO inhibitor
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long half life, can cause serotonin syndrome
|
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limits use of bupropion as an anti-depressant
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seizures
|